Editing Cluj-Napoca (section)

== Law and government ==

=== Administration ===

{{Main|Politics of Cluj-Napoca}}

{{See also|Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area}}
[[File:Emil Boc 2011-06-23.jpg|thumb|[[Emil Boc]], mayor since 2012|191x191px]]
The city government is headed by a [[List of mayors of Cluj-Napoca|mayor]].<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2">{{Cite web |title=Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321151128/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123 |archive-date=21 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Parliament of Romania |language=ro}}</ref> Since 2012, the office is held by [[Emil Boc]], who was returned at that year's [[2012 Romanian local election|local election]] for a third term, having resigned in 2008 to become [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]].<ref name="Bianca Preda-2012" /> Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (''consiliu local'') made up of 27 elected councillors.<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2" /> The city is divided into 15 districts (''cartiere'') laid out radially. City hall intends to develop local administrative branches for most of the districts.

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#ccc" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
! style="background:#ccc" | Party
! style="background:#ccc" | Seats
! colspan="16" style="background:#ccc" | Current Local Council<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=ALEGERI LOCALE 2016 Cine intră în Consiliul Local Cluj-Napoca – REZULTATE FINALE |url=http://www.monitorulcj.ro/politica-administratie/52719-alegeri-locale-2016-cine-intra-in-consiliul-local-cluj-napoca-%E2%80%93-rezultate-finale |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608132041/http://www.monitorulcj.ro/politica-administratie/52719-alegeri-locale-2016-cine-intra-in-consiliul-local-cluj-napoca-%E2%80%93-rezultate-finale |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |website=monitorulcj.ro}}</ref>
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| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]] (PNL)
| style="text-align: right" | '''16'''
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
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| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
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| {{party color cell|USR PLUS}} &nbsp;
| [[Save Romania Union]] (USR)
| style="text-align: right" | '''5'''
| {{party color cell|USR PLUS}} &nbsp;
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| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| [[Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians]] (UDMR/RMDSZ)
| style="text-align: right" | '''4'''
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
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| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD)
| style="text-align: right" | '''2'''
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
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{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Andrei Mureșanu, Cluj-Napoca|Andrei Mureșanu]]
* [[Bulgaria, Cluj-Napoca|Bulgaria]]
* [[Bună Ziua, Cluj-Napoca|Bună Ziua]]
* [[Centru, Cluj-Napoca|Centru]]
* [[Dâmbul Rotund]]
* [[Gheorgheni, Cluj-Napoca|Gheorgheni]]
* [[Grădinile Mănăștur]]
* [[Grigorescu, Cluj-Napoca|Grigorescu]]
* [[Gruia, Cluj-Napoca|Gruia]]
* [[Iris, Cluj-Napoca|Iris]]
* [[Între Lacuri]]
* [[Mănăștur]]
* [[Mărăști, Cluj-Napoca|Mărăști]]
* [[Someșeni]]
* [[Zorilor]]
{{div col end}}

[[File:CaleaMotilorNr1-3.JPG|thumb|[[Cluj-Napoca City Hall]]]]
Because of the last years' massive urban development, in 2005 some areas of Cluj were named as districts (Sopor, Borhanci, Becaș, Făget, Zorilor South), but most of them are still construction sites.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Hotărâre privind propuneri de atribuire denumiri strazi si cartiere in municipiul Cluj-Napoca |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/phcl/7-10-2005/27.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302004936/http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/phcl/7-10-2005/27.aspx |archive-date=2 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj-Napoca City Hall |language=ro}}</ref> Beside these, there are some other building areas like ''Tineretului'', ''Lombului'' or ''Oser'', which are likely to become districts in the following years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2007 |title=Emil Boc îl sfidează pe Tăriceanu |url=http://www.ftr.ro/emil-boc-il-sfideaza-pe-tariceanu-892.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729013944/http://www.ftr.ro/emil-boc-il-sfideaza-pe-tariceanu-892.php |archive-date=29 July 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Foaia Transilvană |language=ro}}</ref>

Additionally, as Cluj-Napoca is the capital of [[Cluj County]], the city hosts the palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the [[county council]] (''consiliu județean'') and the [[Prefect (Romania)|prefect]], who is appointed by Romania's central government.<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2" /> The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and his role is to represent the national government at the local level, acting as a liaison and facilitating the implementation of National Development Plans and governing programmes at the local level.<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2" /> Like all other local councils in Romania, the Cluj-Napoca local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population.<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2" />[[File:Cluj-Napoca Districts.jpg|thumb|Map of Cluj-Napoca's districts (2007)]]

Cluj-Napoca is also the capital of the historical region of [[Transylvania]], a status that resonates to this day. Currently, the city is the largest in the [[Nord-Vest (development region)|Nord-Vest development region]], which is equivalent to [[NUTS-II]] regions in the [[European Union]] and is used by the European Union and the Romanian Government for statistical analysis and regional development. The Nord-Vest development region is not, however, an administrative entity.<ref name="Parliament of Romania-2"/> The [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area]] became operational in December 2008,<ref name="Ziua de Cluj-2009">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2009 |title=Asociația Metropolitană e "la cheie". Mai trebuie banii |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=20381 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209060817/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=20381 |archive-date=9 December 2012 |access-date=2009-02-11 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> and comprises a population of 411,379.<ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013"/><ref name="Cluj County Council"/> Besides Cluj-Napoca, it includes seventeen [[Communes of Romania|communes]]: [[Aiton, Cluj|Aiton]], [[Apahida]], [[Baciu]], [[Bonțida]], [[Borșa, Cluj|Borșa]], [[Căianu]], [[Chinteni]], [[Ciurila]], [[Cojocna]], [[Feleacu]], [[Florești, Cluj|Florești]], [[Gârbău, Cluj|Gârbău]], [[Gilău, Cluj|Gilău]], [[Jucu]], [[Petreștii de Jos]], [[Tureni]] and [[Vultureni, Cluj|Vultureni]].

The executive presidium of the [[Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania]] (UDMR) and all its departments are headquartered in Cluj,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statute of the UDMR |url=http://www.rmdsz.ro/script/aboutus.php?lang=hu&menuoption=0&aboutusID=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030529084824/http://www.rmdsz.ro/script/aboutus.php?lang=hu&menuoption=0&aboutusID=2 |archive-date=29 May 2003 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=[[Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania]] |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contacts of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania |url=http://www.rmdsz.ro/script/contact.php?lang=ro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514132630/http://www.rmdsz.ro/script/contact.php?lang=ro |archive-date=14 May 2003 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania |language=ro}}</ref> as are local and regional organisations of most Romanian political parties. In order to counterbalance the political influence of Transylvania's Hungarian minority, nationalist Romanians in Transylvania founded the [[Party of Romanian National Unity]] (PUNR) at the beginnings of the 1990s; the party was present in the Romanian Parliament during the 1992–1996 legislature.<ref name="PUNR">{{Cite web |title=History of PUNR |url=http://www.punr.ro/istoric.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014191152/http://www.punr.ro/istoric.htm |archive-date=14 October 2004 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Partidul Unității Națiunii Române |language=ro}}</ref> The party eventually moved its main offices to Bucharest and fell into decline as its leadership joined the ideologically similar [[Greater Romania Party|PRM]].<ref name="PUNR"/> In 2008, the ''Institute for Research on National Minorities'', subordinated to the [[Romanian Government]], opened its official headquarters in Cluj-Napoca.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2007 |title=Institutul minorităților se înființează la Cluj |url=http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=1760 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321123616/http://www.ziuadecj.ro/action/article?ID=1760 |archive-date=21 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Ziua de Cluj |language=ro}}</ref>

Eleven hospitals function in the city, nine of which are run by the county and two (for oncology and cardiology) by the [[Ministry of Public Health (Romania)|health ministry]]. Additionally, there are well over a hundred private medical cabinets and dentists' offices each.<ref name="Cluj-Napoca City Hall"/> In 2022, work began on an emergency hospital for the entire [[Nord-Vest (development region)|North-West region]]; the cost is estimated at over 500 million euros.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Romania's Govt. approves EUR 305 mln EIB loan for Cluj regional hospital |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/govt-approves-eib-loan-cluj-hospital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930072632/https://www.romania-insider.com/govt-approves-eib-loan-cluj-hospital |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=romania-insider.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2022 |title=A început proiectarea spitalului regional din Cluj |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-sanatate-25545510-ministerul-sanatatii-anunta-inceput-proiectarea-spitalului-regional-din-cluj-care-dura-12-luni-constructia-efectiva-dura-4-ani-semnarea-contractului-executie.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928091503/https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-sanatate-25545510-ministerul-sanatatii-anunta-inceput-proiectarea-spitalului-regional-din-cluj-care-dura-12-luni-constructia-efectiva-dura-4-ani-semnarea-contractului-executie.htm |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=hotnews.ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=A quick trip to the hospital |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/romania-regional-hospitals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930073511/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/romania-regional-hospitals |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]]}}</ref>

===Justice system===
Cluj-Napoca has a complex judicial organisation, as a consequence of its status of [[Cluj County|county]] capital. The Cluj-Napoca Court of Justice is the local judicial institution and is under the purview of the Cluj County Tribunal, which also exerts its jurisdiction over the courts of [[Dej]], [[Gherla]], [[Turda]], and [[Huedin]].<ref name="Parliament of Romania">{{Cite web |title=Law no. 92 / 4 August 1992 for the judicial organisation |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=13169 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208230505/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=13169 |archive-date=8 February 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Parliament of Romania |language=ro}}</ref> Appeals from these tribunals' verdicts, and more serious cases, are directed to the Cluj Court of Appeals. The city also hosts the county's commercial and military tribunals.<ref name="Parliament of Romania"/>

Cluj-Napoca has its own municipal police force, ''Poliția Municipiului Cluj-Napoca'', which is responsible for policing of crime within the whole city, and operates a number of special divisions. The Cluj-Napoca Police are headquartered on Decebal Street in the city centre (with a number of precincts throughout the city) and it is subordinated to the [[Romanian Police|County's Police Inspectorate]] on Traian Street.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law no. 218 / 23 April 2002: Law on the organisation and work of the Romanian Police |url=http://www.politiaromana.ro/legea_politiei.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224033407/http://www.politiaromana.ro/legea_politiei.htm |archive-date=24 February 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Parliament of Romania |language=ro}}</ref> City Hall has its own community police force, ''Poliția Primăriei'', dealing with local community issues. Cluj-Napoca also houses the [[Gendarmerie (Romania)|County's Gendarmerie Inspectorate]].

=== Crime ===

{{See also|Crime in Romania}}
[[File:Biserica Mihail.JPG|thumb|250px|Part of the old city centre, as viewed from Cetățuia]]

Cluj-Napoca and the surrounding area ([[Cluj County]]) had a rate of 268 criminal convictions per 100,000 inhabitants during 2006, just above the national average.<ref name="INSSE">{{Cite web |title=JUS107A – Rata criminalității (persoane condamnate definitiv la 100000 locuitori), pe regiuni de dezvoltare și județe |url=https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=JUS107A |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623153727/https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=JUS107A |archive-date=2007-06-23 |access-date=2008-05-09 |publisher=INSSE}}</ref> After the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|revolution in 1989]], the criminal conviction rate in the county entered a phase of sustained growth, reaching a historic high of 429 in 1998, when it began to fall.<ref name="INSSE"/> Although the overall crime rate is reassuringly low, petty crime can be an irritant for foreigners, as in other large cities of Romania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Profile Romania 2006 |url=http://store.eiu.com/product/30000203KM-sample.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111003156/http://store.eiu.com/product/30000203KM-sample.html |archive-date=11 January 2009 |access-date=2008-05-09 |publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]}}</ref> During the 1990s, two large financial institutions, Banca Dacia Felix and [[Caritas (Ponzi scheme)|Caritas]], went bankrupt due to large-scale fraud and embezzlement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dăianu |first=Daniel |title=Strain and Economic Adjustment. Romania' Travails and Pains |url=http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002193/01/strain_and_economic_adjustment.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529105317/http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002193/01/strain_and_economic_adjustment.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-29 |access-date=2008-05-09 |publisher=Romanian Center for Economic Policies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |date=13 November 1993 |title=Pyramid Scheme a Trap for Many Romanians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/13/business/pyramid-scheme-a-trap-for-many-romanians.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614122107/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/13/business/pyramid-scheme-a-trap-for-many-romanians.html |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=2008-05-09 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Also notorious was the case of serial killer [[Romulus Vereș]], "the man with the hammer"; during the 1970s, he was charged with five murders and several [[attempted murder]]s, but never imprisoned on [[Insanity defense|grounds of insanity]]: he had [[schizophrenia]], blaming the [[Devil]] for his actions. Instead, he was institutionalised in the Ștei psychiatric facility in 1976, following a three-year [[forensic]] investigation during which four thousand people were questioned. [[Urban myth]]s brought the number of victims up to two hundred women, though the actual number was much smaller. This confusion is probably explained by the lack of attention this case received, despite its magnitude, in the Communist press of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2008 |title=Citește povestea celui mai temut criminal al Clujului: "Omul cu ciocanul" |url=http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/citeste-povestea-celui-mai-temut-criminal-al-clujului-omul-cu-ciocanul-2394295 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301111548/http://www.clujeanul.ro/cluj/citeste-povestea-celui-mai-temut-criminal-al-clujului-omul-cu-ciocanul-2394295 |archive-date=1 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Clujeanul |language=ro}}</ref>

A 2006 poll shows a high degree of satisfaction with the work of the local police department. More than half the people surveyed during a 2005–2006 poll declared themselves satisfied (62.3%) or very satisfied (3.3%) with the activity of the county police department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll organised by the Cluj Police Department |url=http://cj.politiaromana.ro/vot/poll.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015120522/http://cj.politiaromana.ro/vot/poll.php |archive-date=15 October 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj Police Department |language=ro}}</ref> The study found the highest satisfaction with car traffic supervision, the presence of officers in the street, and road education; on the negative side, corruption and public transport safety remain concerns.

Efforts made by local authorities in the Cluj-Napoca district at the end of the 1990s to reform the protection of [[children's rights]] and assistance for [[street children]] proved insufficient due to lack of funding, incoherent policies and the absence of any real collaboration between the actors involved (Child Rights Protection Directorate, Social Assistance Service within the District Directorate for Labour and Social Protection, Minors Receiving Centre, Guardian Authority within the City Hall, Police). In 2007, it was reported that there were still high numbers of street children, whose poverty and lack of documented identity brought them into constant conflict with local law enforcement.<ref name="ASIS">{{Cite web |title=Street Children and Juvenile Justice in Romania |url=http://www.streetchildren.org.uk/reports/Romania%20JJ%20report%20-%20FINAL%204.04.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627181914/http://www.streetchildren.org.uk/reports/Romania%20JJ%20report%20-%20FINAL%204.04.doc |archive-date=27 June 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher="Asociația pentru Sprijinirea Integrării Sociale" (ASIS) in partnership with "The Consortium for Street Children" |format=DOC}}</ref>

Following cooperation between the local governmental council and the [[Prison Fellowship]] Romania Foundation, [[homeless]] people, street children and [[beggar]]s are taken, identified and accommodated within the Christian Centres for Street Children and Homeless People, respectively, and the Ruhama centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acte necesare – Persoane fără adăpost |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/acte-necesare/acte69.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317231110/http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/acte-necesare/acte69.aspx |archive-date=17 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Primăria Municipiului Cluj-Napoca |language=ro}}</ref> The latter features a marshaling centre for beggars and street children, as well as a [[flophouse]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acte necesare – Azilul de noapte |url=http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro/acte-necesare/acte70.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013081853/http://primariaclujnapoca.ro/acte-necesare/acte70.aspx |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Cluj-Napoca City Hall |language=ro}}</ref> As a consequence, the fluctuating movement of children, beggars and homeless people in and out of the centre has been considerably reduced, with most of the initial beneficiaries successfully integrated into the programme rather than returning to the streets.<ref name="ASIS"/>

From 2000 onwards, Cluj-Napoca has seen an increase in illegal [[streetracing|road races]], which occur mainly at night on the city's outskirts or on industrial sites and occasionally produce victims. There have been attempts to organise legal races as a solution to this problem.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Călina Berceanu |date=7 April 2005 |title=Cursele de mașini pe timp de noapte intră în legalitate |url=http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/cursele-de-masini-pe-timp-de-noapte-intra-in-legalitate/123606 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302091609/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/cursele-de-masini-pe-timp-de-noapte-intra-in-legalitate/123606 |archive-date=2 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-14 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref>