Editing Collective memory (section)

== Computational approaches to collective memory analysis ==
With the ability of online data such as social media and social network data and developments in [[natural language processing]] as well as [[information retrieval]] it has become possible to study how online users refer to the past and what they focus at. In an early study<ref>{{cite conference | last1=Au Yeung | first1=Ching-man | last2=Jatowt | first2=Adam | title=Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '11 | chapter=Studying how the past is remembered | publisher=ACM Press | location=New York, New York, USA | year=2011 | page=1231 | isbn=978-1-4503-0717-8 | doi=10.1145/2063576.2063755|chapter-url=http://www.dl.kuis.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~adam/cikm11a.pdf}}</ref> in 2010 researchers extracted absolute year references from large amounts of news articles collected for queries denoting particular countries. This allowed to portray so-called memory curves that demonstrate which years are particularly strongly remembered in the context of different countries (commonly, exponential shape of memory curves with occasional peaks that relate to commemorating important past events) and how the attention to more distant years declines in news. Based on a topic modelling and analysis they then detected major topics portraying how particular years are remembered. Rather than news, Wikipedia was also the target of analysis.<ref>Ferron, M., Massa, P.: Collective memory building in wikipedia: The case of north african uprisings. In: WikiSym'11, pp. 114–123. Mountain View, California (2011)</ref><ref>Kanhabua, N., Nguyen, T.N., Niederée, C.: What triggers human
remembering of events?: A large-scale analysis of catalysts for collective memory in wikipedia. In: JCDL'14, pp. 341–350. London,
United Kingdom (2014)</ref> Viewership statistics of Wikipedia articles on aircraft crashes were analyzed to study the relation between recent events and past events, particularly for understanding memory-triggering patterns.<ref>García-Gavilanes, R., Mollgaard, A., Tsvetkova, M., & Yasseri, T. (2017). The memory remains: Understanding collective memory in the digital age. Science advances, 3(4), e1602368.</ref>

Other studies focused on the analysis of collective memory in social networks such as investigation of over 2 million tweets (both quantitively and qualitatively) that are related to history to uncover their characteristics and ways in which history-related content is disseminated in social networks.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sumikawa | first1=Yasunobu | last2=Jatowt | first2=Adam | title=Analyzing history-related posts in twitter| journal=International Journal on Digital Libraries | publisher=Springer | date=2020 | volume=22 | pages=105–134 | doi=10.1007/s00799-020-00296-2 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Hashtags, as well as tweets, can be classified into the following types:

* '''General History''' hashtags used in general to broadly identify history-related tweets that do not fall into any specific type (e.g., #history, #{{not a typo|historyfacts}}).
* '''National or Regional History''' hashtags which relate to national or regional histories, for example, #{{not a typo|ushistory}} or #{{not a typo|canadianhistory}} including also past names of locations (e.g., #{{not a typo|ancientgreece}}).
* '''Facet-focused History''' hashtags which relate to particular thematic facets of history (e.g.,#{{not a typo|sporthistory}}, #{{not a typo|arthistory}}).
* '''General Commemoration''' hashtags that serve for commemorating or recalling a certain day or period (often somehow related to the day of tweet posting), or unspecified entities, such as #{{not a typo|todaywe}} remember, #otd, #{{not a typo|onthisday}}, #{{not a typo|4yearsago}} and #{{not a typo|rememberthem}}.
* '''Historical Events''' hashtags related to particular events in the past (e.g., #wwi, #sevenyearswar).
* '''Historical Entities''' hashtags denoting references to specific entities such as persons, organizations or objects (e.g., #stalin, #{{not a typo|napoleon}}).
The study of [https://gsp.yale.edu/made/memorialization digital memorialization], which encompasses the ways in social and collective memory has shifted after the digital turn, has grown substantially responding to rising proliferation of memorial content not only on the internet, but also the increased use of digital formats and tools in heritage institutions, classrooms, and among individual users worldwide.