Editing Concubinage (section)

=== Vikings ===
[[Polygyny]] occurred among [[Vikings]], and rich and powerful Viking men could have more than one wife as well as concubines. Vikings competed with one another for access to the marriage market.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raffield |first=Ben |last2=Price |first2=Neil |last3=Collard |first3=Mark |date=2017 |title=Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355?mobileUi=0& |journal=Viking and Medieval Scandinavia |volume=13 |pages=165–209 |doi=10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355 |issn=1782-7183}}</ref> Viking men could [[Bride kidnapping|capture women]] and make them into their wives or concubines.<ref name = viking>{{Cite journal|last=Karras|first=Ruth Mazo |date=1990 |title=Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age|journal=Scandinavian Studies|volume=62|issue=2 |pages=141–62|issn=0036-5637|jstor=40919117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poser|first=Charles M. |date=1994 |title=The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay|journal=Annals of Neurology|volume=36|issue=S2 |pages=S231–43|doi=10.1002/ana.410360810|pmid=7998792|s2cid=36410898|issn=1531-8249}}</ref> Concubinage for Vikings was connected to slavery; the Vikings took both free women and slaves as concubines.<ref name = viking/> Researchers have suggested that Vikings may have originally started sailing and raiding due to a need to seek out women from foreign lands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/vikings-might-have-raided-because-there-was-a-shortage-of-single-women |title=Vikings Might Have Started Raiding Because There Was a Shortage of Single Women|last=Hrala|first=Josh|website=ScienceAlert|date=14 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530102637/https://www.sciencealert.com/vikings-might-have-raided-because-there-was-a-shortage-of-single-women|archive-date=30 May 2019 |access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/56786-vikings-raided-to-find-love.html |title=The Real Reason for Viking Raids: Shortage of Eligible Women?|last1=Choi |first1=Charles Q.|website=Live Science|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729113022/https://www.livescience.com/56786-vikings-raided-to-find-love.html|archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=2019-07-21|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/iceland-founded-viking-slaves |title=Sex Slaves – The Dirty Secret Behind The Founding of Iceland |date=2018-01-16|website=All That's Interesting|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722043846/https://allthatsinteresting.com/iceland-founded-viking-slaves|archive-date=22 July 2019 |access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/12/151228-vikings-slaves-thralls-norse-scandinavia-archaeology/ |title=Kinder, Gentler Vikings? Not According to Their Slaves |date=2015-12-28|website=National Geographic News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802035726/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/12/151228-vikings-slaves-thralls-norse-scandinavia-archaeology/|archive-date=2 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref> 
There are theories that polygynous relationships in Viking society could have led to a shortage of eligible women for the average male; polygyny increases [[male–male competition]] in society because it creates a pool of unmarried men willing to engage in risky status-elevating and sex-seeking behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raffield |first1=Ben|last2=Price|first2=Neil|last3=Collard|first3=Mark |date=2017-05-01 |title=Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|volume=38|issue=3 |pages=315–24|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013|issn=1090-5138|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017EHumB..38..315R |hdl=2164/8759|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/vikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves |title=Vikings may have first taken to seas to find women, slaves|last1=Lawler |first1=Andrew |date=2016-04-15|website=Science |publisher=AAAS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727122934/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/vikings-may-have-first-taken-seas-find-women-slaves|archive-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> Thus, the average Viking man could have been forced to perform riskier actions to gain wealth and power to be able to find suitable women.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26755692 |title=Viking Age triggered by shortage of wives?|last=Viegas|first=Jennifer |date=2008-09-17|website=MSNBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723002325/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26755692/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/viking-age-triggered-shortage-wives/|archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Knapton|first=Sarah |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/05/viking-raiders-were-only-trying-to-win-their-future-wives-hearts/ |title=Viking raiders were only trying to win their future wives' hearts |date=2016-11-05|work=The Telegraph |access-date=2019-08-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801070257/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/05/viking-raiders-were-only-trying-to-win-their-future-wives-hearts/|archive-date=1 August 2019|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/10/22/vikings-invasions/ |title=New Viking Study Points to "Love and Marriage" as the Main Reason for their Raids |date=2018-10-22|website=The Vintage News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802035734/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/10/22/vikings-invasions/|archive-date=2 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref> 
The theory and concept was expressed in the 11th century by historian [[Dudo of Saint-Quentin]] in his semi imaginary ''History of The Normans''.<ref name="Wyatt2009">{{cite book |first1=David R. |last1=Wyatt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWJGynaKSkkC&pg=PA124 |title=Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland: 800–1200 |publisher=Brill|year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17533-4 |page=124}}</ref> 
The [[Annals of Ulster]] depicts [[raptio]] and states that in 821 the Vikings plundered an Irish village and "carried off a great number of women into captivity".<ref name="DolfiniCrellin2018">{{cite book |first1=Andrea |last1=Dolfini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8e1lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA349 |title=Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches |first2=Rachel J. |last2=Crellin |first3=Christian |last3=Horn |first4=Marion |last4=Uckelmann |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-78828-9 |page=349}}</ref> 
People taken captive during the Viking raids across Eastern Europe could be sold to [[Slavery in al-Andalus|Moorish Spain]] via the [[Dublin slave trade]]<ref>Loveluck, C. (2013). Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, C.AD 600–1150: A Comparative Archaeology. USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 321</ref> or transported to [[Hedeby]] or Brännö and from there via the [[Volga trade route]] to present day Russia, where Slavic slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver ''[[dirham]]'' and [[silk]], which have been found in [[Birka]], [[Wolin|Wollin]] and [[Dublin]];<ref>The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 91</ref> initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed [[Khazar slave trade|via the Khazar Kaghanate]],<ref>The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium. (2007). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 232</ref> but from the early 10th-century onward it went [[Volga Bulgarian slave trade|via Volga Bulgaria]] and from there by caravan to [[Khwarazm]], to the [[Samanid slave trade|Samanid slave market]] in Central Asia and finally via Iran to [[slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate|the Abbasid Caliphate]] in the Middle East<ref>The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 504</ref> where there was a great market for slave girls as concubines.