Editing Container ship (section)

==Losses and safety problems==
It has been estimated that container ships lose between 2,000<ref name=TTlost>[http://www.ttclub.com/TTCLUB/PubArc.nsf/D5E4C4B3A805731980256792004C617E/02CE747115C182F780256A6500596BF5?OpenDocument Containers Overboard!]{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''[http://www.ttclub.com/ttclub/public.nsf/html/MGRY-6VLER3?OpenDocument TT Club] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304184259/http://www.ttclub.com/ttclub/public.nsf/html/MGRY-6VLER3?OpenDocument |date=March 4, 2011 }}'' (Maritime insurers). Accessed: 26 February 2011.</ref> and 10,000 [[Containerization|containers]] at sea each year,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/06/0619_seacargo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010703073644/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/06/0619_seacargo.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 3, 2001 |title=Lost Sea Cargo: Beach Bounty or Junk? |access-date=2008-04-08 |date=19 June 2001 |author=Janice Podsada |publisher=National Geographic News}}</ref> costing $370 million.<ref name=scat>Hauke Kite‐Powell. [http://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/SVW_nextgen/QuikSCAT_maritime_report_final.pdf Benefits to maritime commerce from ocean surface vector wind observations and forecasts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320080712/https://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/SVW_nextgen/QuikSCAT_maritime_report_final.pdf |date=2021-03-20 }} ''[[NOAA]]'', December 2008. Accessed: 26 February 2011.</ref> A survey for the six years 2008 through 2013 estimates average losses of individual containers overboard at 546 per year, and average total losses including catastrophic events such as vessel sinkings or groundings at 1,679 per year<ref name=WSCsurvey>[http://www.worldshipping.org/industry-issues/safety/Containers_Lost_at_Sea_-_2014_Update_Final_for_Dist.pdf Survey Results for Containers Lost At Sea –  2014 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108125328/https://www.worldshipping.org/industry-issues/safety/Containers_Lost_at_Sea_-_2014_Update_Final_for_Dist.pdf |date=2020-11-08 }}, June 2014. Accessed: 16 August 2019.</ref> More recently, a survey conducted by the WSC from 2008–2019, saw an average of 1,382 shipping containers lost at sea. However, in the 3-year period from 2017–2019, that number was nearly halved, down to an average of 779 containers lost annually. Most go overboard on the open sea during storms but there are some examples of whole ships being lost with their cargo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3917539.stm|title=Freak waves spotted from space|date=22 July 2004|access-date=6 October 2009 | work=BBC News}}</ref> One major shipping accident occurred in 2013 when the MOL Comfort sank with 4,293 containers onboard in the Indian Ocean.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Stoltz |first=Ryan |date=February 27, 2022 |title=How Many Shipping Containers are Lost at Sea Annually? |url=https://www.containeraddict.com/how-many-shipping-containers-are-lost-at-sea/ |access-date=April 15, 2022 |website=Container Addict}}</ref> When containers are dropped, they immediately become an environmental threat – termed "[[marine debris]]".<ref name="noaa">[http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/whatis/welcome.html#sources Sources of Marine Debris] ''[[NOAA]]''. Retrieved: 25 November 2010.</ref> Once in the ocean, they fill with water and sink if the contents cannot hold air. Rough waters smash the container, sinking it quickly.<ref name=TTlost/>

As container ships get larger and stacking becomes higher, the threat of containers toppling into the sea during a storm increases.  This results from a phenomenon called "[[parametric rolling]]," by which a ship can roll 30-40 degrees during rough seas creating a powerful torque on a 10-high stack of containers which can easily snap lashings and locks of the stack, resulting in losses into the sea.<ref>[https://global.lockton.com/gb/en/news-insights/shipping-firms-experience-a-sharp-rise-in-containers-lost-at-sea  "Shipping firms experience a sharp rise in containers lost at sea," Feb. 25, 2021, Lockton Companies]</ref>
[[File:2006container fleet.PNG|thumb|Container fleet in 2006]]