Editing Content theory (section)

===Extrinsic motivation===
{{See also|Goal orientation}}
Extrinsic motivation comes from influences outside of the individual. In extrinsic motivation, the harder question to answer is where do people get the motivation to carry out and continue to push with persistence. Usually, extrinsic motivation is used to attain outcomes that a person would not get from intrinsic motivation.<ref name="Ryan, R. M. 2000"/> Common extrinsic motivations are [[reward system|rewards]] (for example money or grades) for showing the desired behavior, and the threat of punishment following misbehavior. Competition is an extrinsic motivator because it encourages the performer to win and to beat others, not simply to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. A cheering crowd and the desire to win a trophy are also extrinsic incentives.<ref name=Motivation>{{cite web |last = Dewani |first = Vijay |title = Motivation |url = http://www.slideshare.net/vijaydewani7/motivation-15959567 |publisher = slideshare |access-date = 22 March 2013 |date = 2013-01-12 }}</ref> For example, if an individual plays the sport tennis to receive an award, that would be extrinsic motivation. VS. if the individual plays because he or she enjoys the game, which would be intrinsic motivation.<ref name=":4" />

The most simple distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is the type of reasons or goals that lead to an action. While intrinsic motivation refers to doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable and satisfying, extrinsic motivation, refers to doing something because it leads to a separable outcome.<ref name="Ryan, R. M. 2000" /> Extrinsic motivation thus contrasts with intrinsic motivation, which is doing an activity simply for the enjoyment of the activity itself, instead of for its instrumental value.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |doi = 10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 |pmid = 10620381 |title = Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions |journal = Contemporary Educational Psychology |volume = 25 |issue = 1 |pages = 54–67 |year = 2000 |last1 = Ryan |first1 = Richard M. |last2 = Deci |first2 = Edward L. |citeseerx = 10.1.1.318.808 |s2cid = 1098145 }}</ref>

Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to [[overjustification effect|overjustification]] and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study demonstrating this effect, children who expected to be (and were) rewarded with a ribbon and a gold star for drawing pictures spent less time playing with the drawing materials in subsequent observations than children who were assigned to an unexpected reward condition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Lepper |first1 = Mark R. |last2 = Greene |first2 = David |last3 = Nisbet |first3 = Richard |year = 1973 |title = Undermining Children's Intrinsic Interest with Extrinsic Reward; A Test of 'Overjustification' Hypothesis |journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume = 28 |issue = 1 |pages = 129–37 |doi = 10.1037/h0035519 |s2cid = 40981945 }}</ref> This shows how if an individual expects an award they do not care about the outcome. VS. if an individual does not expect a reward they will care more about the task.<ref name="Ryan, R. M. 2000" /> However, another study showed that third graders who were rewarded with a book showed more reading behavior in the future, implying that some rewards do not undermine intrinsic motivation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Marinak |first1 = Barbara A. |last2 = Gambrell |first2 = Linda B. |year = 2008 |title = Intrinsic Motivation and Rewards: What Sustains Young Children's Engagement with Text? |journal = Literacy Research and Instruction |volume = 47 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–26 |doi = 10.1080/19388070701749546 |s2cid = 145209271 }}</ref>  While the provision of extrinsic rewards might reduce the desirability of an activity, the use of extrinsic constraints, such as the threat of punishment, against performing an activity has actually been found to increase one's intrinsic interest in that activity. In one study, when children were given mild threats against playing with an attractive toy, it was found that the threat actually served to increase the child's interest in the toy, which was previously undesirable to the child in the absence of threat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Wilson |first1 = T. D. |last2 = Lassiter |first2 = G. D. |year = 1982 |title = Increasing intrinsic interest with superfluous extrinsic constraints |journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume = 42 |issue = 5 |pages = 811–819 |doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.42.5.811 }}</ref>

Advantages of extrinsic motivators are that they easily promote motivation to work and persist to goal completion. Rewards are tangible and beneficial.<ref name="Ryan, R. M. 2000" /> A disadvantage for extrinsic motivators relative to internal is that work does not persist long once external rewards are removed. As the task is completed for the reward, the quality of work may need to be monitored,<ref name=":4" /> and it has been suggested that extrinsic motivators may diminish in value over time.<ref name="Ryan, R. M. 2000" />