Editing Crystal oscillator (section)

=== Other materials ===
Some other [[piezoelectric material]]s than quartz can be employed. These include single crystals of [[lithium tantalate]], [[lithium niobate]], [[lithium borate]], [[berlinite]], [[gallium arsenide]], [[lithium tetraborate]], [[aluminium phosphate]], [[bismuth germanium oxide]], polycrystalline [[zirconium titanate]] ceramics, high-alumina ceramics, [[silicon]]-[[zinc oxide]] composite, or [[dipotassium tartrate]].<ref>Arthur Ballato ''Method of making a crystal oscillator desensitized to accelerationfields'' {{US patent|4871986}}, Issue date: October 3, 1989.</ref><ref>[http://www.txc.com.tw/download/tech_paper/2002-NTUIAM-1-English.pdf Recent Development of Bulk and Surface Acoustic Wave Technology for Frequency Control Applications], December 23, 2002 Institute of Applied Mechanics National Taiwan University, C. S. Lam, TXC Corporation.</ref> Some materials may be more suitable for specific applications. An oscillator crystal can be also manufactured by depositing the resonator material on the silicon chip surface.<ref>Fumio Nakajima ''Quartz crystal oscillator angular velocity detector circuits'' {{US patent|5420548}}, Issue date: May 30, 1995.</ref> Crystals of [[gallium phosphate]], [[langasite]], [[langanite]] and [[langatate]] are about 10 times more pullable than the corresponding quartz crystals, and are used in some VCXO oscillators.<ref>Bernd Neubig, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060305152252/http://www.vhfcomm.co.uk/pdf/Pressworks%20-%20VCXO.pdf VCXOs with wide pull-in range using alternatives to quartz]. VHF Communications, 2/2003, pp. 66–70.</ref>

{{Anchor|Stability and aging}}