Editing Development communication (section)

=== Critiques ===

Development communication policy as a field experienced persistent conflict.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams|first=R.|title=Television: Technology and Cultural Form|year=1974|publisher=Schocken Books |isbn=978-0-8052-0501-5}}</ref> Debates operated within the discourse of each period: autonomous vs. dependent in the 1950s;{{clarify|date=September 2013}} unequal North–South communication flows in the 60s and 70s; [[transnational corporation]]s and non-governmental actors in the 80s; the converged global [[information society]] and the market-based media structure in the 90s; and online media and the [[digital divide]] in the 2000s.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

==== Participation ====
Hamelink and Nordenstreng called for multistakeholder participation in [[information and communications technology]] (ICT) governance and for formal and informal policy development mechanisms to enable state and non-state actors to shape the media and communication industries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamelink |first=C. |author2=Nordenstreng, K. |chapter=Towards Democratic Media Governance |editor=Bens, E. de. |title=Media Between Culture and Commerce |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84150-165-9 |publisher=Intellect |location=Bristol}}</ref>

==== Funding agency bias ====

Manyozo advocated a rethinking of communication for development policies, perceiving a failure by communication policy makers to identify funding institutions that encourage cultural imperialism and unequal power relations between Western and local organizations. He attributed this to the absence in communication policy debates of a political economy discourse.<ref name=":8">Manyozo, Linje (2011). Rethinking Communication for Development Policy: Some Considerations, in R. Mansell and M. Raboy (eds.), The Handbook of Global Media and Communication Policy, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 319–335.</ref> In reviewing the different approaches to communication for development policies—media, participation and community dialogue—Manyozo criticizes groups that emphasizes one over the others.<ref name=":8" />