Editing Exercise physiology (section)

=== Central governor ===
[[Tim Noakes]], based on an earlier idea by the 1922 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] winner [[Archibald Hill]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill A. V. |last2=Long C. N. H. |last3=Lupton H. |year=1924 |title=Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilisation of oxygen. Parts I–III |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. |volume=97 |issue=679 |pages=438–475 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1924.0037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> has proposed the existence of a [[central governor]]. In this, the brain continuously adjusts the power output by muscles during exercise in regard to a safe level of exertion. These neural calculations factor in prior length of strenuous exercise, the planned duration of further exertion, and the present metabolic state of the body. This adjusts the number of activated skeletal muscle motor units, and is subjectively experienced as [[Muscle weakness|fatigue]] and exhaustion. The idea of a central governor rejects the earlier idea that fatigue is only caused by mechanical failure of the exercising muscles ("[[Muscle weakness#Peripheral|peripheral fatigue]]"). Instead, the brain models<ref>{{Cite journal |last=St Clair Gibson |first=A |last2=Baden |first2=DA |last3=Lambert |first3=MI |last4=Lambert |first4=EV |last5=Harley |first5=YX |last6=Hampson |first6=D |last7=Russell |first7=VA |last8=Noakes |first8=TD |year=2003 |title=The conscious perception of the sensation of fatigue |journal=Sports Medicine |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=167–76 |doi=10.2165/00007256-200333030-00001 |pmid=12656638 |s2cid=34014572}}</ref> the metabolic limits of the body to ensure that whole body homeostasis is protected, in particular that the heart is guarded from hypoxia, and an emergency reserve is always maintained.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noakes |first=TD |last2=St Clair Gibson |first2=A |last3=Lambert |first3=EV |year=2005 |title=From catastrophe to complexity: A novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans: Summary and conclusions |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=120–4 |doi=10.1136/bjsm.2003.010330 |pmc=1725112 |pmid=15665213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noakes |first=TD |last2=Peltonen |first2=JE |last3=Rusko |first3=HK |year=2001 |title=Evidence that a central governor regulates exercise performance during acute hypoxia and hyperoxia |journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=204 |issue=Pt 18 |pages=3225–34 |doi=10.1242/jeb.204.18.3225 |pmid=11581338}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noakes |first=TD |year=2000 |title=Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=123–45 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010003123.x |pmid=10843507 |s2cid=23103331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=St Clair Gibson |first=A |last2=Lambert |first2=ML |last3=Noakes |first3=TD |year=2001 |title=Neural control of force output during maximal and submaximal exercise |journal=Sports Medicine |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=637–50 |doi=10.2165/00007256-200131090-00001 |pmid=11508520 |s2cid=1111940}}</ref> The idea of the central governor has been questioned since 'physiological catastrophes' can and do occur suggesting that if it did exist, athletes (such as [[Dorando Pietri]], [[James Peters (athlete)|Jim Peters]] and [[Gabriela Andersen-Schiess]]) can override it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Esteve-Lanao |first=J |last2=Lucia |first2=A |last3=Dekoning |first3=JJ |last4=Foster |first4=C |year=2008 |editor-last=Earnest |editor-first=Conrad P. |title=How do humans control physiological strain during strenuous endurance exercise? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=e2943 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2943E |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002943 |pmc=2491903 |pmid=18698405 |doi-access=free}}</ref>