Editing First Fleet (section)

==Voyage==
[[File:Lady Penrhyn (sailing ship).jpg|thumb|[[Lady Penrhyn (1786 ship)|''Lady Penrhyn'']]]]

===Preparing the fleet===
In September 1786 Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] was chosen to lead the expedition to establish a colony in [[New South Wales]]. On 15 December, Captain [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]], was appointed Phillip's second. By now {{HMS|Sirius|1786|6}} had been nominated as flagship, with Hunter holding command. The armed tender HMAT {{HMS|Supply|1759|3}} under command of Lieutenant [[Henry Lidgbird Ball]] had also joined the fleet.<ref name=NelsonFleet>{{Citation |last=Hiscocks |first=Richard|year=2018 |title=The 'First Fleet' sails for New South Wales – 31 May 1787 |publisher=morethannelson.com|url=https://morethannelson.com/first-fleet-sails-new-south-wales-31-may-1787/ |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

With Phillip in [[London]] awaiting [[Royal Assent]] for the bill of management of the colony, the loading and provisioning of the transports was carried out by Lieutenant [[John Shortland (Royal Navy officer)|John Shortland]], the agent for transports.<ref name=NelsonFleet/><ref name=McMartin>{{Citation |last=McMartin|first=Arthur|year=1967|title=Shortland, John (1739–1803)|publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/shortland-john-2658/text3643 |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

On 16 March 1787, the fleet began to assemble at its appointed rendezvous, the [[Motherbank|Mother Bank]], [[Isle of Wight]]. His Majesty's frigate ''Sirius'' and armed tender ''Supply'', three store-ships, ''[[Golden Grove (1782 ship)|Golden Grove]]'', ''[[Fishburn (1780 ship)|Fishburn]]'' and ''[[Borrowdale (1785 ship)|Borrowdale]]'', for carrying provisions and stores for two years; and lastly, six transports; ''[[Scarborough (1782 ship)|Scarborough]]'' and ''[[Lady Penrhyn (1786 ship)|Lady Penrhyn]]'', from [[Portsmouth]]; ''[[Friendship (1784 ship)|Friendship]]'' and ''[[Charlotte (1784 ship)|Charlotte]]'', from [[Plymouth]]; ''[[Prince of Wales (1786 ship)|Prince of Wales]]'', and ''[[Alexander (1783 ship)|Alexander]]'', from [[Woolwich]].<ref name=Phillip2>{{Citation |last=Phillip|first=Arthur|year=1789|title=The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay - chapter2|publisher=Project Gutenberg Australia|url=https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00101.html#chapter-02|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref> On 9 May Captain Phillip arrived in Portsmouth, the next day coming aboard the ships and giving orders to prepare the fleet for departure.<ref name=Hunter1>{{Citation |last=Hunter|first=John|year=1793|title= An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island - chapter1|publisher=Project Gutenberg Australia|url=https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00063.html#ch-01|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

===Leaving Portsmouth===
Phillip first tried to get the fleet to sail on 10 May, but a dispute by sailors of the ''Fishburn'' about pay, they refused to leave until resolved.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} The fleet finally left Portsmouth, England on 13 May 1787.<ref name="Gutenberg FF">{{cite web| title= The First Fleet|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/first-fleet.html| publisher = Project Gutenberg| access-date = 24 November 2013}}</ref> The journey began with fine weather, and thus the convicts were allowed on deck.<ref name="Frost165167">Frost 2012, pp. 165–167</ref> The Fleet was accompanied by the armed frigate {{HMS|Hyaena|1778|6}} until it left English waters.<ref name="Parker7778">Parker 2009, pp. 77–78</ref> On 20 May 1787, one convict on ''Scarborough'' reported a planned mutiny; those allegedly involved were flogged and two were transferred to ''Prince of Wales''.<ref name="Parker7778" /> In general, however, most accounts of the voyage agree that the convicts were well behaved.<ref name="Parker7778" /> On 3 June 1787, the fleet anchored at [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Santa Cruz]] at [[Tenerife]].<ref name="Gutenberg FF" /> Here, fresh water, vegetables and meat were brought on board. Phillip and the chief officers were entertained by the local governor, while one convict tried unsuccessfully to escape.<ref>Parker 2009, p. 84</ref> On 10 June they set sail to cross the Atlantic to [[Rio de Janeiro]],<ref name="Gutenberg FF" /> taking advantage of favourable [[trade wind]]s and ocean currents.

The weather became increasingly hot and humid as the Fleet sailed through the tropics. Vermin, such as rats, and parasites such as bedbugs, [[lice]], cockroaches and fleas, tormented the convicts, officers and marines. [[Bilge]]s became foul and the smell, especially below the closed hatches, was over-powering.<ref name="Parker8789">Parker 2009, pp. 87–89</ref> While Phillip gave orders that the bilge-water was to be pumped out daily and the bilges cleaned, these orders were not followed on ''Alexander'' and a number of convicts fell sick and died.<ref name="Parker8789" /> Tropical rainstorms meant that the convicts could not exercise on deck as they had no change of clothes and no method of drying wet clothing.<ref name="Parker8789" /> Consequently, they were kept below in the foul, cramped holds. On the female transports, promiscuity between the convicts, the crew and marines was rampant, despite punishments for some of the men involved.<ref name="Parker8789" /> In the [[doldrums]], Phillip was forced to ration the water to three pints a day.<ref name="Parker8789" />

The Fleet reached Rio de Janeiro on 5 August and stayed for a month.<ref name="Gutenberg FF" /> The ships were cleaned and water taken on board, repairs were made, and Phillip ordered large quantities of food.<ref name="Frost165167" /> The women convicts' clothing had become infested with lice and was burnt. As additional clothing for the female convicts had not arrived before the Fleet left England,<ref name="Frost165167" /> the women were issued with new clothes made from rice sacks. While the convicts remained below deck, the officers explored the city and were entertained by its inhabitants.<ref>Frost 2012, p. 170</ref> A convict and a marine were punished for passing forged quarter-dollars made from old buckles and pewter spoons. [[Ellen Fraser (convict)|Ellen Fraser]], mother of the second child of English parents born in the colony (John Fraser born 7 June 1789), is thought to be the female convict transferred from the "Prince of Wales" to the " Charlotte" during the stop over in Rio on 13 August 1787. Her husband, William Fraser was a convict on "Charlotte".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://familyhistorybyclaytontalbot.weebly.com/eleanor-redchester.html | title=Eleanor Redchester }}</ref>

[[File:Robert Dodd-English ships in Table Bay-0673.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|''An English Fleet in [[Table Bay]] in 1787'', by [[Robert Dodd (artist)|Robert Dodd]]]]
The Fleet left Rio de Janeiro on 4 September to run before the [[westerlies]] to the [[Table Bay]] in southern Africa,<!-- The Fleet left Rio in South America for the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa. Please don't change this to Cape Horn--> which it reached on 13 October.<ref>Hill 2008, pp. 120–123</ref> This was the last port of call, so the main task was to stock up on plants, seeds and livestock for their arrival in Australia.<ref name="Parker100">Parker 2009, p. 100</ref> The livestock taken on board from [[Cape Town]] destined for the new colony included two bulls, seven cows, one stallion, three mares, 44 sheep, 32 pigs, four goats and "a very large quantity of poultry of every kind".<ref name="AE">Chisholm, Alec H. (ed.), ''The Australian Encyclopaedia'', Vol. 4, p. 72, "First Fleet", Halstead Press, Sydney, 1963</ref> Women convicts on ''Friendship'' were moved to other transports to make room for livestock purchased there. The convicts were provided with fresh beef and mutton, bread and vegetables, to build up their strength for the journey and maintain their health.<ref name="Parker100" /> The Dutch colony of Cape Town was the last outpost of European settlement which the fleet members would see for years, perhaps for the rest of their lives. "Before them stretched the awesome, lonely void of the Indian and Southern Oceans, and beyond that lay nothing they could imagine."<ref>{{cite book| author= [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]]| title= The Fatal Shore: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia 1787–1868| location= London| publisher= Pan Books| year= 1988| isbn= 978-0-330-29892-6| page= [https://archive.org/details/fatalshorehistor00hugh/page/82 82]|url=https://archive.org/details/fatalshorehistor00hugh/page/82}}</ref>

Assisted by the gales in the "[[Roaring Forties]]" latitudes below the 40th parallel, the heavily laden transports surged through the violent seas. In the last two months of the voyage, the Fleet faced challenging conditions, spending some days becalmed and on others covering significant distances; ''Friendship'' travelled 166 miles one day, while a seaman was blown from ''Prince of Wales'' at night and drowned.<ref name="Parker106108">Parker 2009, pp. 106–108</ref> Water was rationed as supplies ran low, and the supply of other goods including wine ran out altogether on some vessels.<ref name="Parker106108" /> [[Van Diemen's Land]] was sighted from ''Friendship'' on 4 January 1788.<ref name="Parker106108" /> A freak storm struck as they began to head north around the island, damaging the sails and masts of some of the ships.

On 25 November, Phillip had transferred to ''Supply''. With ''Alexander'', ''Friendship'' and ''Scarborough'', the fastest ships in the Fleet, which were carrying most of the male convicts, ''Supply'' hastened ahead to prepare for the arrival of the rest. Phillip intended to select a suitable location, find good water, clear the ground, and perhaps even have some huts and other structures built before the others arrived. This was a planned move, discussed by the Home Office and the Admiralty prior to the Fleet's departure.<ref>Frost 2012, p. 174</ref> However, this "flying squadron" reached [[Botany Bay]] only hours before the rest of the Fleet, so no preparatory work was possible.<ref>Frost 2012, p.175</ref> ''Supply'' reached Botany Bay on 18 January 1788; the three fastest transports in the advance group arrived on 19 January; slower ships, including ''Sirius'', arrived on 20 January.<ref name="NLAFFTL">{{cite web| year= 2000|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/georgeraper/timeline/timeline-doc-1788.html#| title= Timeline – 1788
| work= The World Upside Down: Australia 1788–1830| publisher=[[National Library of Australia]]| access-date=27 May 2006}}</ref>

This was one of the world's greatest sea voyages – eleven vessels carrying about 1,487 people and stores<ref name="AE" /> had travelled for 252 days for more than 15,000 miles (24,000&nbsp;km) without losing a ship. Forty-eight people died on the journey, a death rate of just over three percent.

=== Arrival in Australia ===
[[File:First Fleet entering Sydney 1788 Bradley.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|''Entrance of [[Port Jackson]], 27 January 1788'', by [[William Bradley (Royal Navy officer)|William Bradley]], an officer on [[HMS Sirius (1786)|HMS ''Sirius'']]]]
[[File:The First Fleet entering Port Jackson, January 26, 1788, drawn 1888 A9333001h.jpg|thumb|Lithograph of the First Fleet entering [[Port Jackson]], 26 January 1788, by Edmund Le Bihan]]

It was soon realised that Botany Bay did not live up to the glowing account that the explorer Captain [[James Cook]] had provided.<ref>Frost 2012, p. 177</ref> The bay was open and unprotected, the water was too shallow to allow the ships to anchor close to the shore, fresh water was scarce, and the soil was poor.<ref>Parker 2009, p. 113</ref> [[First contact (anthropology)|First contact]] was made with the local indigenous people, the [[Eora]], who seemed curious but suspicious of the newcomers. The area was studded with enormously strong trees. When the convicts tried to cut them down, their tools broke and the tree trunks had to be blasted out of the ground with gunpowder.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} The primitive huts built for the officers and officials quickly collapsed in rainstorms. The marines had a habit of getting drunk and not guarding the convicts properly, whilst their commander, Major [[Robert Ross (British Marines officer)|Robert Ross]], drove Phillip to despair with his arrogant and lazy attitude. Crucially, Phillip worried that his fledgling colony was exposed to attack from those described as [[Aboriginal Australian|"Aborigines"]] or from foreign powers. Although his initial instructions were to establish the colony at Botany Bay, he was authorised to establish the colony elsewhere if necessary.<ref name="Museum of Australian Democracy">{{cite web|title=Governor Phillip's Instructions 25 April 1787 (UK)|url=http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-68.html|publisher =Museum of Australian Democracy|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref>

On 21 January, Phillip and a party which included John Hunter, departed the Bay in three small boats to explore other bays to the north.<ref name="Parker115116">Parker 2009, pp. 115–116</ref> Phillip discovered that [[Port Jackson]], about 12 kilometres to the north, was an excellent site for a colony with sheltered anchorages, fresh water and fertile soil.<ref name="Parker115116" /> Cook had seen and named the harbour, but had not entered it.<ref name="Parker115116" /> Phillip's impressions of the harbour were recorded in a letter he sent to England later: "the finest harbour in the world, in which a thousand sail of the line may ride in the most perfect security ...". The party returned to Botany Bay on 23 January.<ref name="Parker115116" />

On the morning of 24 January, the party was startled when two French ships, the [[French ship Astrolabe (1781)|''Astrolabe'']] and the [[French ship Boussole (1782)|''Boussole'']], were seen just outside Botany Bay. This was a scientific expedition led by [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse|Jean-François de La Pérouse]]. The French had expected to find a thriving colony where they could repair ships and restock supplies, not a newly arrived fleet of convicts considerably more poorly provisioned than themselves.<ref>Parker 2009, p. 118</ref> There was some cordial contact between the French and British officers, but Phillip and La Pérouse never met. The French ships remained until 10 March before setting sail on their return voyage. They were not seen again and were later discovered to have been shipwrecked off the coast of [[Vanikoro]] in the present-day [[Solomon Islands]].<ref>John Dunmore, "Introduction", The Journal of Jean-François de Galaup de La Pérouse, Vol. I, Hakluyt Society, 1994, pp. ccxix–ccxxii.</ref>

On 26 January 1788, the Fleet weighed anchor and sailed to [[Port Jackson]].<ref name="Gutenberg FF" /> The site selected for the anchorage had deep water close to the shore, was sheltered, and had a small stream flowing into it. Phillip named it [[Sydney Cove]], after [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney|Lord Sydney]], the British [[Home Secretary]].<ref name="Parker115116" /> This date is celebrated as [[Australia Day]], marking the beginning of British settlement.<ref name="NADC">{{cite web|title= About Our National Day|url=http://www.australiaday.org.au/australia-day/about-our-national-day/|publisher=National Australia Day Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230043620/http://www.australiaday.org.au/australia-day/about-our-national-day/|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status=dead|access-date = 25 November 2013}}</ref> Contrary to popular belief, the [[Union Jack#History|British flag]] was not officially planted until 7 February 1788 when possession was formally proclaimed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} There was, as always, a British naval ensign erected at the site of the military encampment, and this had been performed on the evening of 25 January 1788<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Feb 1788 - Colony of NSW formally proclaimed |url=https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/magazine/onthisday/7-february-1788 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=State Archives & Records |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601090936/https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/magazine/onthisday/7-february-1788 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in a small ceremony conducted by Phillip and some officers and marines from ''Supply'', with the remainder of ''Supply''{{'}}s crew and the convicts observing from on board ship. The remaining ships of the Fleet did not arrive at Sydney Cove until later that day.<ref>Hill 2008, p. 150</ref> Writer and art critic [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]] popularized the idea in his 1986 book ''[[The Fatal Shore]]'' that an [[orgy]] occurred upon the unloading of the convicts, though more modern historians regard this as untrue, since the first reference to any such indiscretions is as recent as 1963.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Fatal Shore|author=Robert Hughes|date= 1986|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|pages=88–89|isbn=9780099448549}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Great Australian Urban Legends|date=2015|publisher=Affirm Press|author=Eamon Evans|pages=116–117|isbn=9781925475241}}</ref>

=== First contact ===
The First Fleet encountered [[Indigenous Australians]] when they landed at [[Botany Bay]]. The [[Cadigal]] people of the [[Botany Bay]] area witnessed the Fleet arrive and six days later the two ships of French explorer [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse|La Pérouse]], the [[French ship Astrolabe (1781)|''Astrolabe'']] and the [[French ship Boussole (1782)|''Boussole'']], sailed into the bay.<ref>{{cite web
  | last       = Kensy
  | first      = Julia
  | title      = La Perouse
  | url        = http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/la_perouse
  | work       = Dictionary of Sydney
  | access-date = 24 November 2013
  }}</ref> When the Fleet moved to Sydney Cove seeking better conditions for establishing the colony, they encountered the Eora people, including the [[Bidjigal]] clan. A number of the First Fleet journals record encounters with Aboriginal people.<ref>{{cite web
  | last       = Derrincourt
  | first      = Robin
  | title      = Camp Cove
  | url        = http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/camp_cove?zoom_highlight=first+fleet
  | work       = Dictionary of Sydney
  | access-date = 24 November 2013
  }}</ref>

Although the official policy of the British Government was to establish friendly relations with Aboriginal people,<ref name="Museum of Australian Democracy" /> and [[Arthur Phillip]] ordered that the Aboriginal people should be well treated, it was not long before [[Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars|conflict began]]. The colonists did not sign treaties with the original inhabitants of the land.<ref>{{cite journal
  | last       = Banner
  | first      = Stuart
  | title      = Why Terra Nullius? Anthropology and Property Law in Early Australia
  | journal    = Law and History Review
  | date       = Spring 2005
  | volume     = 23
  | issue      = 1
  | pages      = 95–131
  | jstor        = 30042845
  | doi        = 10.1017/s0738248000000067
  | s2cid = 145484253
 }}</ref> Between 1790 and 1810, [[Pemulwuy]] of the [[Bidjigal]] clan led the local people in a series of attacks against the colonists.<ref>{{cite book
  | last      = Kohen
  | first     = J. L.
  | title     = 'Pemulwuy (1750–1802)', Australian Dictionary of Biography
  | chapter = Pemulwuy (1750–1802)
 | publisher = National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
  | url       = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pemulwuy-13147
  }}</ref>

=== After January 1788 ===
The ships of the First Fleet mostly did not remain in the colony. Some returned to England, while others left for other ports. Some remained at the service of the Governor of the colony for some months: some of these were sent to [[Norfolk Island]] where a second penal colony was established.

1788
* 15 February – HMAT ''Supply'' sails for Norfolk Island carrying a small party to establish a settlement.<ref name="Jordan2014">{{cite book|author=Robert Jordan|title=The Convict Theatres of Early Australia, 1788–1840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3v6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT438|date=1 July 2014|publisher=Currency House|isbn=978-0-9924890-1-4|pages=438–}}</ref><ref name="Kirk2012">{{cite book|author=Robert W. Kirk|title=Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klglH_7KkxsC&pg=PA71|date=18 October 2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9298-5|pages=71–}}</ref>
* 5/6 May – ''Charlotte'', ''Lady Penrhyn'' and ''Scarborough'' set sail for China.<ref name="BladenBritton1893">{{cite book |author1=Bladen |first=Frank Murcott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHIhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA692 |title=Historical Records of New South Wales |author2=Alexander Britton |publisher=Lansdown Slattery & Company |year=1978 |isbn=0868330035 |location=Mona Vale |pages=692– |orig-year=1893}}</ref><ref name="(Surgeon.)1790">{{cite book|author=John WHITE (Surgeon.)|title=Begin. In the press, and speedily will be published ... A journal of a voyage to Botany Bay, in New South Wales, etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTtfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA155|year=1790|pages=155–}}</ref>
* 14 July – ''Borrowdale'', ''Alexander'', ''Friendship'' and ''Prince of Wales'' set sail to return to England.<ref name="Heaton1879">{{cite book|author=John Henniker Heaton|title=Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time: Containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May, 1879|url=https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog|year=1879|publisher=G. Robertson|pages=[https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog/page/n441 1]–}}</ref><ref name="Marshall2010">{{cite book|author=John Marshall|title=Royal Naval Biography: Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired-Captains, Post-Captains, and Commanders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jps1Iq_-GUUC&pg=PA484|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-02266-8|pages=484–}}</ref>
* 2 October – ''Golden Grove'' sets sail for Norfolk Island with a party of convicts,<ref name="Bladen1892">{{cite book|author=Frank Murcot Bladen|title=Historical Records of New South Wales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiQXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA194|year=1892|publisher=C. Potter|pages=194–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Records of New South Wales: part 1. &#91;Papers relating to&#93; Cook, 1762–1780. Facsimiles of charts. 1893. Part 2. &#91;Papers relating to&#93; Phillip, 1783–1792. 1892|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ML4NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA209|year=1892|publisher=C. Potter|pages=209–}}</ref> returning to Port Jackson 10 November, while HMS ''Sirius'' sails for [[Cape of Good Hope]] for supplies.<ref name="MeloVaz2016">{{cite book|author1=Cristina Joanaz de Melo|author2=Estelita Vaz|author3=Lígia M. Costa Pinto|title=Environmental History in the Making: Volume II: Acting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fehODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA312|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-41139-2|pages=312–}}</ref><ref name="Horsburgh1827">{{cite book|author=James Horsburgh|title=India Directory, Or Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, New Holland, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil and the Interjacent Ports. 3. Ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNJYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA572|year=1827|publisher=Kingsburg|pages=572–}}</ref>
* 19 November – ''Fishburn'' and ''Golden Grove'' set sail for England. This means that only HMAT ''Supply'' now remains in Sydney cove.<ref name="Barton1889">{{cite book|author=George Burnett Barton|title=History of New South Wales from the Records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXDOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA318|year=1889|publisher=Charles Potter|pages=318–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Edinburgh Magazine, Or Literary Miscellany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nV43AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA292-IA3|year=1789|publisher=J. Sibbald|pages=292–}}</ref>

1789
* 23 December – {{HMS|Guardian|1784|6}} carrying stores for the colony strikes an iceberg and is forced back to the Cape. It never reaches the colony in New South Wales.<ref name="Rusden1897">{{cite book|author=George William Rusden|title=History of Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59|year=1897|publisher=Melville, Mullen & Slade|pages=59–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Nautical Magazine: A Technical and Critical Journal for the Officers of the Mercantile Marine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ8epwiWIIQC&pg=PA189|year=1845|publisher=James Brown & Son|pages=189–}}</ref>

1790:
* 19 March – HMS ''Sirius'' is wrecked off Norfolk Island.<ref name="Henderson2016">{{cite book|author=Graeme Henderson|author-link=Graeme Henderson|title=Swallowed by the Sea: The Story of Australia's Shipwrecks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_PoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA216|date=2016|publisher=National Library of Australia|isbn=978-0-642-27894-4|pages=216–}}</ref><ref name="ScottPodany1994">{{cite book|author1=David A. Scott|author2=Jerry Podany|author3=Brian B. Considine|title=Ancient & Historic Metals: Conservation and Scientific Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7pOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267|year=1994|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-0-89236-231-8|pages=267–}}</ref><ref name="David1995">{{cite book|author=Andrew David|title=The Voyage of HMS Herald to Australia and the South-west Pacific, 1852–1861 Under the Command of Captain Henry Mangles Denham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxUxAQAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Miegunyah Press|isbn=978-0-522-84390-3}}</ref>
* 17 April – HMAT ''Supply'' sent to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies]], for emergency food supplies.<ref>{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id2=ball-henry-lidgbird-1734/text1911 | author=Parsons, Vivienne | title=Ball, Henry Lidgbird (1756–1818) | year=1966}}</ref>
* 3 June – ''[[Lady Juliana (1777 ship)|Lady Juliana]]'', the first of six vessels of the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]], arrives in Sydney cove. The remaining five vessels of the Second Fleet arrive in the ensuing weeks.<ref name="Barton1894">{{cite book|author=George Burnett Barton|title=History of New South Wales from the Records: Phillip and Grose, 1789–1794|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCEQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56|year=1894|publisher=Charles Potter|pages=54–}}</ref>
* 19 September – HMAT ''Supply'' returns to Sydney having chartered the Dutch vessel ''[[Waaksamheyd (ship)|Waaksamheyd]]'' to accompany it carrying stores.<ref name="fff">{{cite web |date=15 October 2011 |title=HMAT Supply |url=https://firstfleetfellowship.org.au/ships/hmat-supply/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |publisher=First Fleet Fellowship Victoria Inc}}</ref>