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Forced displacement
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===Criminal prosecution=== Forced displacement has been the subject of several trials in local and international courts. For an offense to classify as a [[war crime]], the civilian victim must be a "[[Protected persons|protected person]]" under [[international humanitarian law]]. Originally referring only categories of individuals explicitly protected under one of the four [[Geneva Conventions of 1949]], "protected person" now refers to any category of individuals entitled to protection under specific [[law of war]] treaties.<ref name="UNHCR">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/4e0344b344.pdf|title=Legal and Protection Policy Research Series: Forced Displacement and International Crimes|author=Guido Acquaviva|date=June 2011|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> In Article 49, the [[Fourth Geneva Convention]], adopted on 12 August 1949, specifically forbade forced displacement{{quote3|Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/WebART/380-600056 |publisher=[[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]] |title=Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949 – DEPORTATIONS, TRANSFERS, EVACUATIONS |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>}}The [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]] defines forced displacement as a crime within the jurisdiction of the court:{{quote3|"Deportation or forcible transfer of population" means forced displacement of the people concerned by expulsion or other coercive acts from the area in which they are lawfully present, without grounds permitted under international law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/ADD16852-AEE9-4757-ABE7-9CDC7CF02886/283503/RomeStatutEng1.pdf |publisher=International Criminal Court |title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court |year=2011 |page=7|access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>}} * Following the end of [[World War II]], the [[Krupp trial]] was held with a specific charge to the forced displacement of enemy civilian populations for the purpose of [[Forced labour|forced labor]]. The US Military [[Tribunal]] concluded that "[t]here is no [[international law]] that permits the [[deportation]] or the use of civilians against their will for other than on reasonable requisitions for the need of the army, either within the area of the army or after deportation to rear areas or to the homeland of the occupying power".<ref name="UNHCR" /> * At the [[Nuremberg trials]], [[Hans Frank]], chief jurist in [[occupied Poland]], was found guilty, among others for forced displacement of the civilian population. * Several people were tried and convicted by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) for connection to forced displacement during the [[Yugoslav Wars]] in the 1990s. On 11 April 2018, the Appeals Chamber sentenced [[Vojislav Šešelj]] 10 years in prison under Counts 1, 10, and 11 of the indictment for instigating [[deportation]], [[persecution]] (forcible displacement), and other inhumane acts (forcible transfer) as [[crimes against humanity]] due to his speech in Hrtkovci on 6 May 1992, in which he called for the [[expulsion of Croats from Vojvodina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmict.org/en/news/appeals-chamber-reverses-%C5%A1e%C5%A1elj%E2%80%99s-acquittal-part-and-convicts-him-crimes-against-humanity|title=APPEALS CHAMBER REVERSES ŠEŠELJ'S ACQUITTAL, IN PART, AND CONVICTS HIM OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY|work=United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals |date=11 April 2018|publisher=United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/europe/un-court-sentences-ultranationalist-serb-leader-to-10-years-16638|title=UN court sentences ultranationalist Serb leader to 10 years|publisher=[[TRT World]]|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/04/serbia-conviction-of-war-criminal-delivers-long-overdue-justice-to-victims/|title=Serbia: Conviction of war criminal delivers long overdue justice to victims|date=11 April 2018|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Other convictions for forced displacement included ex-Bosnian Serb politician [[Momčilo Krajišnik]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2009/09/311692-un-tribunal-transfers-former-bosnian-serb-leader-uk-prison|title=UN tribunal transfers former Bosnian Serb leader to UK prison|date=8 September 2009|publisher=UN News|access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref> ex-Croatian Serb leader [[Milan Martić]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2008/10/277112-un-tribunal-upholds-35-year-jail-term-leader-breakaway-croatian-serb-state|title=UN tribunal upholds 35-year jail term for leader of breakaway Croatian Serb state|date=8 October 2008|publisher=UN News|access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref> former Bosnian Croat paramilitary commander [[Mladen Naletilić]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2008/04/257282-bosnian-croat-commander-convicted-un-tribunal-serve-jail-term-italy|title=Bosnian Croat commander convicted by UN tribunal to serve jail term in Italy|date=25 April 2008|publisher=UN News|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> and Bosnian Serb politician [[Radoslav Brđanin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2008/03/251232-bosnian-serb-politician-convicted-un-tribunal-serve-jail-term-denmark|title=Bosnian Serb politician convicted by UN tribunal to serve jail term in Denmark|date=4 March 2008|publisher=UN News|access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> * On 17 March 2023, the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) issued arrest warrants for [[Vladimir Putin]] and Russia's Commissioner for Children's Rights [[Maria Lvova-Belova]] for war crimes of [[Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|deportation and illegal transfer of children]] from [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|occupied Ukraine]] to Russia.<ref>{{cite news| date=17 March 2023| work=UN News| title=Russia: International Criminal Court issues arrest warrant for Putin| url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/03/1134732}}</ref>
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