Editing Haptic technology (section)

=== Electronic devices ===

==== Video games ====
[[File:Dreamcast-Jump-Pack.jpg|thumb|Rumble packs for controllers, such as this [[Dreamcast]] Jump Pack, provide haptic feedback through users' hands.]]Haptic feedback is commonly used in [[arcade game]]s, especially [[racing video game]]s. In 1976, [[Sega]]'s motorbike game ''[[Fonz (arcade)|Moto-Cross]]'',<ref name="Moto-Cross">{{KLOV game|12812|Moto-Cross}}</ref> also known as ''[[Fonz (arcade)|Fonz]]'',<ref name="Fonz">{{KLOV game|id=12812|name=Fonz}}</ref> was the first game to use haptic feedback, causing the handlebars to vibrate during a collision with another vehicle.<ref name=":3">Mark J.P. Wolf (2008), ''The video game explosion: a history from PONG to PlayStation and beyond'', p. 39, [[ABC-CLIO]], {{ISBN|0-313-33868-X}}</ref> Tatsumi's ''[[TX-1]]'' introduced force feedback to car driving games in 1983.<ref name="TX-1">{{KLOV game|id=10004|name=TX-1}}</ref> The game ''[[Earthshaker! (pinball)|Earthshaker!]]'' added haptic feedback to a [[pinball]] machine in 1989.

Simple haptic devices are common in the form of [[game controller]]s, joysticks, and steering wheels. Early implementations were provided through optional components, such as the [[Nintendo 64]] controller's ''[[Rumble Pak]]'' in 1997. In the same year, the [[Microsoft SideWinder#Force Feedback Pro|Microsoft SideWinder Force Feedback Pro]] with built-in feedback was released by [[Immersion Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.microsoft.com/1998/02/03/microsoft-and-immersion-continue-joint-efforts-to-advance-future-development-of-force-feedback-technology/|title=Microsoft and Immersion Continue Joint Efforts To Advance Future Development of Force Feedback Technology|date=3 February 1998|website=Stories}}</ref> Many console controllers and joysticks feature built-in feedback devices, which are motors with unbalanced weights that spin, causing it to vibrate, including [[Sony]]'s [[DualShock]] technology and [[Microsoft]]'s [[Xbox One Controller|Impulse Trigger]] technology. Some automobile steering wheel controllers, for example, are programmed to provide a "feel" of the road. As the user makes a turn or accelerates, the steering wheel responds by resisting turns or slipping out of control.

Notable introductions include:

* 2013: The first [[direct-drive wheel]] for [[sim racing]] is introduced.
* 2014: A new type of haptic cushion that responds to multimedia inputs by LG Electronics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283795471|title=Haptic Cushion: Automatic Generation of Vibro-tactile Feedback Based on Audio Signal for Immersive Interaction with Multimedia|last=Y. J.|first=Cho|website=ResearchGate|publisher=LG Electronics}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Steam Machine (hardware platform)|Steam Machine]]s (console-like PCs) by [[Valve Corporation|Valve]] include a new Steam Controller that uses weighted electromagnets capable of delivering a wide range of haptic feedback via the unit's trackpads.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/27/4762318/valve-steam-box-controller | title = Valve unveils the Steam Controller | first = Andrew | last = Webster | date = September 27, 2013 | access-date = September 27, 2013 | publisher = [[The Verge]] }}</ref> These controllers' feedback systems are user-configurable, delivering precise feedback with haptic force actuators on both sides of the controller.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2297461/valve-shows-off-the-steam-controller-with-haptic-feedback|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930085221/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2297461/valve-shows-off-the-steam-controller-with-haptic-feedback|url-status=unfit|archive-date=September 30, 2013|title=Valve shows off the Steam controller with haptic feedback|last=Neal|first=Dave|date=2013-09-30|website=The Inquirer|language=en|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref>
* 2017: The [[Nintendo Switch]]'s [[Joy-Con]] introduced the HD Rumble feature, developed with [[Immersion Corporation]], using actuators from [[Alps Electric]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/01/13/nintendos-hd-rumble-will-be-the-best-unused-switch-feature-of-2/|title=Nintendo's HD Rumble will be the best unused Switch feature of 2017|website=Engadget|date=13 January 2017 |access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Porter |first1=Jon |title=Meet the minds behind Nintendo Switch's HD Rumble tech |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/meet-the-minds-behind-nintendo-switchs-hd-rumble-tech |website=TechRadar |date=7 February 2017 |access-date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Charlie |title=Japanese site estimates Nintendo spends $257 to make one Switch |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/4/5/15195638/nintendo-switch-component-cost-estimate |website=Polygon |access-date=15 November 2019 |language=en |date=5 April 2017}}</ref>
* 2018: The [[Razer Inc.|Razer]] Nari Ultimate, gaming headphones using a pair of wide frequency haptic drivers, developed by Lofelt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ausgamers.com/reviews/read.php/3618007|title=Razer Nari Ultimate Wireless Gaming Headset Review - AusGamers.com|last=Andreadis|first=Kosta|date=2019-06-21|website=Ausgamers|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Summers |first1=Nick |title=Razer brings its vibrating Nari Ultimate headset to Xbox One |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/09/26/razer-nari-ultimate-xbox-one-haptics-headset/ |website=Engadget |date=26 September 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2020: The Sony [[PlayStation 5]] [[DualSense]] controllers supports [[#Haptic feedback|vibrotactile haptic]] provided by [[voice coil]] [[Moving magnet actuator|actuators]] integrated in the palm grips, and [[#Force feedback|force feedback]] for the Adaptive Triggers provided by two DC rotary motors.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's under the hood of the DualSense? |url=https://www.actronika.com/post/whats-under-the-hood-of-the-dualsense |website=www.actronika.com}}</ref> The actuators in the hand grip are able to give varied and intuitive feedback about in-game actions; for example, in a sandstorm, the player can feel the wind and sand, and the motors in the Adaptive Triggers support experiences such as virtually drawing an arrow from a bow.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rubin |first1=Peter |title=Exclusive: A Deeper Look at the PlayStation 5—Haptics, UI Facelift, and More |url=https://www.wired.com/story/exclusive-playstation-5/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=24 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2021, [[SuperTuxKart]] 1.3 was released, adding support for force feedback.<ref>{{cite web |title=SuperTuxKart |url=https://github.com/supertuxkart/stk-code/blob/1.3/CHANGELOG.md |publisher=SuperTuxKart |date=3 September 2022|website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> Force feedback is extremely uncommon for [[free software]] games.

==== Mobile devices ====
[[File:LG P710 Optimus L7 II - Vibramotor SJMY0007108-7058.jpg|thumb|Vibramotor of LG Optimus L7 II]]
Tactile haptic feedback is common in [[mobile phone|cellular device]]s. In most cases, this takes the form of vibration response to touch. [[Alpine Electronics]] uses a haptic feedback technology named ''PulseTouch'' on many of their touch-screen car navigation and stereo units.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 8, 2007 |title=Alpine Electronics Ships New IVA-W205 Double-DIN Audio/Vide + Navigation Head Unit |url=http://www.alpine-usa.com/US-en/company/pr/pr.php?prid=153&year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117202003/http://www.alpine-usa.com/US-en/company/pr/pr.php?prid=153&year=2007 |archive-date=November 17, 2008 |access-date=2009-12-15 |location=Torrance, CA}}</ref> The [[Nexus One]] features haptic feedback, according to their specifications.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's With Tech? –Technology Guide For Dummies |url=http://whatswithtech.com/nexus-one-phone-feature-overview-technical-specifications/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112258/http://whatswithtech.com/nexus-one-phone-feature-overview-technical-specifications/ |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=whatswithtech.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]] first launched a phone with haptics in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 June 2006 |title=Mobile Phones to Get Tactile Touch Screens |url=http://www.techhive.com/article/126228/article.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816113055/http://www.pcworld.com/article/126228/article.html |archive-date=2016-08-16 |access-date=2015-10-07 |website=TechHive}}</ref>

Surface haptics refers to the production of variable forces on a user's finger as it interacts with a surface such as a touchscreen.

Notable introductions include: 
* Tanvas<ref>Rediscover Touch. [http://tanvas.co/#technology Tanvas, Inc. website.] retrieved 2016-06-05</ref> uses an [[electrostatic]] technology<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fi8N1krVh7E?rel=0 "Finger on Electrostatic Touchscreen in Slow Motion."] YouTube video retrieved 2016-06-05</ref> to control the in-plane forces experienced by a fingertip, as a programmable function of the finger's motion. The TPaD Tablet Project uses an [[ultrasound|ultrasonic]] technology to modulate the apparent slipperiness of a glass touchscreen.<ref>[http://tpadtablet.org/home/ "TPaD Tablet Project website."] retrieved 2016-06-05</ref>
* In 2013, [[Apple Inc.]] was awarded the patent for a haptic feedback system that is suitable for multitouch surfaces. Apple's U.S. Patent for a "Method and apparatus for localization of haptic feedback" describes a system where at least two actuators are positioned beneath a multitouch input device, providing vibratory feedback when a user makes contact with the unit.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pance, Alioshin & Bilbrey, Aleksandar & Paul, Brett |date=February 19, 2013 |title=United States Patent: 8378797 – Method and apparatus for localization of haptic feedback |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-adv.htm&r=33&f=G&l=50&d=PTXT&S1=(apple.ASNM.+AND+20130219.PD.)&OS=an/apple+and+isd/2/19/2013&RS=(AN/apple+AND+ISD/20130219) |access-date=2017-05-17 |issue=8378797 |archive-date=2018-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080842/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-adv.htm&r=33&f=G&l=50&d=PTXT&S1=(apple.ASNM.+AND+20130219.PD.)&OS=an/apple+and+isd/2/19/2013&RS=(AN/apple+AND+ISD/20130219) |url-status=dead }}</ref> Specifically, the patent provides for one actuator to induce a feedback vibration, while at least one other actuator uses its vibrations to localize the haptic experience by preventing the first set of vibrations from propagating to other areas of the device. The patent gives the example of a "virtual keyboard," however, it is also noted that the invention can be applied to any multitouch interface.<ref>{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Mikey |date=2013-02-19 |title=Apple awarded patent for more accurate haptic feedback system |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/02/19/apple-awarded-patent-for-more-accurate-haptic-feedback-system |access-date=3 April 2013 |newspaper=Apple Insider}}</ref> Apple's [[iPhones]] (and [[#Personal computers|MacBooks]]) featuring the "Taptic Engine", accomplish their vibrations with a linear resonant actuator (LRA), which moves a mass in a reciprocal manner by means of a [[Voice coil|magnetic voice coil]], similar to how AC electrical signals are translated into motion in the cone of a [[loudspeaker]]. LRAs are capable of quicker response times than ERMs, and thus can transmit more accurate haptic imagery.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ye |first=Shen |date=2015-04-08 |title=The science behind Force Touch and the Taptic Engine |url=https://www.imore.com/science-behind-taptics-and-force-touch |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=iMore |language=en}}</ref>

==== Virtual reality ====
Haptics are gaining widespread acceptance as a key part of [[virtual reality]] systems, adding the sense of touch to previously visual-only interfaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popsci.com/haptic-gloves-let-you-reach-out-and-touch-virtual-objects/|title=Haptic Gloves Use Air Pressure To Simulate The Feel Of Virtual Objects|last=Moren|first=Dan|date=2015-04-27|website=Popular Science|language=en|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> Systems are being developed to use haptic interfaces for 3D modeling and design, including systems that allow holograms to be both seen and felt.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://newatlas.com/ultrasound-3d-haptic-hologram/35032/|title=New ultrasound research creates holographic objects that can be seen and felt|last=Jeffrey|first=Colin|date=2014-12-02|website=New Atlas|language=en|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref><ref name="physorg1">{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news168797748.html |title=Touchable Hologram Becomes Reality (w/ Video) |publisher=Physorg.com |date=2009-08-06 |access-date=2010-02-26}}</ref><ref>Mary-Ann Russon (2016). [https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/japanese-scientists-develop-holograms-you-can-reach-out-touch-1535893 Holograms you can reach out and touch developed by Japanese scientists]. IBTimes</ref> Several companies are making full-body or torso haptic vests or [[haptic suit]]s for use in immersive virtual reality to allow users to feel explosions and bullet impacts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newatlas.com/haptic-tech-vr-wearables-games-sightlence/35616/|title=Haptic technology: The next frontier in video games, wearables, virtual reality, and mobile electronics|last=Moss|first=Richard|date=2015-01-15|website=New Atlas|language=en|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref>

==== Personal computers ====
In 2015, [[Apple Inc.]]'s [[MacBook]] and [[MacBook Pro]] started incorporating a "Tactile Touchpad" design with button functionality and haptic feedback incorporated into the tracking surface. The tactile touchpad allows for a feeling of "give" when clicking despite the fact that the touchpad no longer moves.<ref>{{cite web |title=Force Touch |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/tech/what-is-force-touch-trackpad |publisher=businessinsider.com}}</ref>