Editing Independent component analysis (section)

== Applications ==

ICA can be extended to analyze non-physical signals. For instance, ICA has been applied to discover discussion topics on a bag of news list archives.

Some ICA applications are listed below:<ref name="Stone 2004"/>
[[File:Independent component analysis in EEGLAB.png|thumb|Independent component analysis in [[EEGLAB]]]]
* image [[steganography]]<ref>{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Ferreira
 | first1 = Artur J.
 | last2 = Figueiredo
 | first2 = Mário A.T.
 | title = On the use of independent component analysis for image compression
 | journal = Signal Processing: Image Communication
 | volume = 21
 | issue = 5
 | pages = 378–389
 | year = 2006
 | doi = 10.1016/j.image.2006.01.002
 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923596506000026
 | issn = 0923-5965
| url-access = subscription
 }}</ref>
* optical Imaging of neurons<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=GD|author2=Yamada, S |author3=Sejnowski, TJ |title=Independent components analysis at the neural cocktail party|journal=Trends in Neurosciences|year=2001|volume=24|pages=54–63|doi=10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01683-0|pmid=11163888|issue=1|s2cid=511254}}</ref> 
* neuronal spike sorting<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lewicki|first=MS|s2cid=10290908|title=Areview of methods for spike sorting: detection and classification of neural action potentials|journal=Network: Computation in Neural Systems|year=1998|volume=9|issue=4|pages=53–78|doi=10.1088/0954-898X_9_4_001}}</ref> 
* face recognition<ref>{{cite book|last=Barlett|first=MS|title=Face image analysis by unsupervised learning|year=2001|publisher=Kluwer International Series on Engineering and Computer Science|location=Boston}}</ref> 
* modelling receptive fields of primary visual neurons<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=AJ|author2=Sejnowski, TJ|title=The independent components of natural scenes are edge filters|journal=Vision Research|year=1997|volume=37|issue=23|pages=3327–3338|doi=10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00121-1|pmid=9425547|pmc=2882863}}</ref> 
* predicting stock market prices<ref>{{cite journal|last=Back|first=AD|author2=Weigend, AS|title=A first application of independent component analysis to extracting structure from stock returns|journal=International Journal of Neural Systems|year=1997|volume=8|issue=4|pages=473–484|pmid=9730022|doi=10.1142/s0129065797000458|s2cid=872703|url=http://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/14180 }}</ref> 
* mobile phone communications<ref>{{cite book|last=Hyvarinen|first=A, Karhunen, J & Oja, E|title=Independent component analysis|year=2001a|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York}}</ref> 
* colour based detection of the ripeness of tomatoes<ref>{{cite book|last=Polder|first=G|author2=van der Heijen, FWAM|chapter=Estimation of compound distribution in spectral images of tomatoes using independent component analysis|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40791216|title=Spectral Imaging. Proceedings of the International Workshop of the Carinthian Tech Research AG, Graz, Austria, 3 April 2003 |editor=R. Leitner |location=Vienna, Austria  |publisher=Austrian Computer Society|year=2003|pages=57–64}}</ref>
* removing artifacts, such as eye blinks, from [[EEG]] data.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Delorme|first=A|author2=Sejnowski, T|author3=Makeig, S|title=Enhanced detection of artifacts in EEG data using higher-order statistics and independent component analysis|journal=NeuroImage|year=2007|pages=1443–1449|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.004|volume=34|issue=4|pmid=17188898|pmc=2895624}}</ref>
* predicting decision-making using EEG<ref>{{cite journal|last=Douglas|first=P |title=Single trial decoding of belief decision making from EEG and fMRI data using independent components features|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|year=2013|volume=7 |pages=392|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2013.00392|pmid=23914164 | pmc=3728485|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* analysis of changes in gene expression over time in single [[Cell (biology)|cell]] [[RNA-sequencing]] experiments.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Trapnell|first=C|author2=Cacchiarelli, D|author3=Grimsby, J|title=The dynamics and regulators of cell fate decisions are revealed by pseudotemporal ordering of single cells|journal=Nature Biotechnology|year=2014|pages=381–386|doi=10.1038/nbt.2859|volume=32|issue=4|pmid=24658644|pmc=4122333}}</ref>
* studies of the [[Resting state fMRI|resting state network]] of the brain.<ref name="Kiviniemi2003">{{Cite journal|title = Independent component analysis of nondeterministic fMRI signal sources|journal = NeuroImage|date = 2003|pmid = 12814576|pages = 253–260|volume =19|issue = 2|doi = 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00097-1|first1 = Vesa J.|last1 = Kiviniemi|first2 = Juha-Heikki|last2 = Kantola|first3 = Jukka|last3 = Jauhiainen|first4 = Aapo|last4 = Hyvärinen|first5 = Osmo|last5 = Tervonen|s2cid = 17110486}}</ref>
* astronomy and cosmology<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Jingying|last2=Xu|first2=Haiguang|last3=Gu|first3=Junhua|last4=An|first4=Tao|last5=Cui|first5=Haijuan|last6=Li|first6=Jianxun|last7=Zhang|first7=Zhongli|last8=Zheng|first8=Qian|last9=Wu|first9=Xiang-Ping|date=2010-11-01|title=How to Identify and Separate Bright Galaxy Clusters from the Low-frequency Radio Sky?|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=723|issue=1|pages=620–633|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/723/1/620|arxiv=1008.3391|bibcode=2010ApJ...723..620W|issn=0004-637X|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* finance<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Moraux|first1=Franck|last2=Villa|first2=Christophe|title=Connectionist Approaches in Economics and Management Sciences |chapter=The dynamics of the term structure of interest rates: An Independent Component Analysis |date=2003|series=Advances in Computational Management Science |volume=6 |pages=215–232|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-3722-6_11|isbn=978-1-4757-3722-6}}</ref>