Editing Instinct (section)

==In humans==
{{main|Human nature}}
Among possible examples of instinct-influenced behaviour in humans are the following.

# Congenital preparedness for developing [[fear]] of snakes and spiders was found in six-month-old babies.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01710 |pmid=29093687 |pmc=5651927 |title=Itsy Bitsy Spider…: Infants React with Increased Arousal to Spiders and Snakes |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=8 |pages=1710 |year=2017 |last1=Hoehl |first1=Stefanie |last2=Hellmer |first2=Kahl |last3=Johansson |first3=Maria |last4=Gredebäck |first4=Gustaf |doi-access=free }}</ref>
# [[Infant crying|Infant cry]] is believed to be a manifestation of instinct. The infant cannot otherwise protect itself for survival during its long period of maturation. The [[Maternal bond|maternal]] and [[paternal bond]] manifest particularly in response to the infant cry. Its mechanism has been partly elucidated by observations with functional MRI of the parent's brain.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1712022114 |pmid=29078366 |pmc=5692572 |title=Neurobiology of culturally common maternal responses to infant cry |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=114 |issue=45 |pages=E9465–E9473 |year=2017 |last1=Bornstein |first1=Marc H. |last2=Putnick |first2=Diane L. |last3=Rigo |first3=Paola |last4=Esposito |first4=Gianluca |last5=Swain |first5=James E. |last6=Suwalsky |first6=Joan T. D. |last7=Su |first7=Xueyun |last8=Du |first8=Xiaoxia |last9=Zhang |first9=Kaihua |last10=Cote |first10=Linda R. |last11=De Pisapia |first11=Nicola |last12=Venuti |first12=Paola |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017PNAS..114E9465B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.033 |pmid=29730041 |pmc=6015531 |title=Explaining individual variation in paternal brain responses to infant cries |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=193 |issue=A |pages=43–54 |year=2018 |last1=Li |first1=Ting |last2=Horta |first2=Marilyn |last3=Mascaro |first3=Jennifer S. |last4=Bijanki |first4=Kelly |last5=Arnal |first5=Luc H. |last6=Adams |first6=Melissa |last7=Barr |first7=Roland G. |last8=Rilling |first8=James K. }}</ref>
# The [[herd instinct]] is found in human children and [[chimpanzee]] infants, but is apparently absent in the young [[orangutans]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.006 |pmid=22503497 |title=Majority-Biased Transmission in Chimpanzees and Human Children, but Not Orangutans |journal=Current Biology |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=727–731 |year=2012 |last1=Haun |first1=Daniel B.M. |last2=Rekers |first2=Yvonne |last3=Tomasello |first3=Michael |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012CBio...22..727H |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0012-31AF-B |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
#[[Hormones]] are linked to specific forms of human behaviour, such as [[sexuality]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garland T, Zhao M, Saltzman W | title = Hormones and the Evolution of Complex Traits: Insights from Artificial Selection on Behavior | journal = Integrative and Comparative Biology | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–24 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27252193 | pmc = 5964798 | doi = 10.1093/icb/icw040 }}</ref> High levels of testosterone are often associated in a person (male or female) with [[Aggression|aggressiveness]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00006842-198703000-00007 |title=Saliva testosterone and criminal violence in young adult prison inmates |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=174–182 |year=1987 |last1=Dabbs |first1=J. M. |last2=Frady |first2=R. L. |last3=Carr |first3=T. S. |last4=Besch |first4=N. F. |pmid=3575604 |s2cid=39757740 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00006842-199709000-00003 |title=Age, Testosterone, and Behavior Among Female Prison Inmates |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=477–480 |year=1997 |last1=Dabbs |first1=James |last2=Hargrove |first2=Marian F. |pmid=9316179 |s2cid=19900226 }}</ref> Decrease in [[testosterone]] level after the birth of a child was found among fathers.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1105403108 |pmid=21911391 |pmc=3182719 |title=Longitudinal evidence that fatherhood decreases testosterone in human males |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=39 |pages=16194–16199 |year=2011 |last1=Gettler |first1=L. T. |last2=McDade |first2=T. W. |last3=Feranil |first3=A. B. |last4=Kuzawa |first4=C. W. |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.010 |pmid=30639674 |title=Pair-bonding, fatherhood, and the role of testosterone: A meta-analytic review |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=98 |pages=221–233 |year=2019 |last1=Grebe |first1=Nicholas M. |last2=Sarafin |first2=Ruth E. |last3=Strenth |first3=Chance R. |last4=Zilioli |first4=Samuele |s2cid=58635068 }}</ref>
# [[Hygiene]] behaviour in humans was suggested to be partly instinctive, based on [[emotion]]s such as [[disgust]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0117 |pmid=21199843 |pmc=3013466 |title=Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=366 |issue=1563 |pages=389–401 |year=2011 |last1=Curtis |first1=Valerie |last2=Aunger |first2=Robert |last3=deBarra |first3=Mícheál }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/pbm.2001.0001 |pmid=11253302 |title=Dirt, disgust, and disease. Is hygiene in our genes? |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=17–31 |year=2001 |last1=Curtis |first1=Valerie |last2=Biran |first2=Adam |s2cid=15675303 }}</ref>
# [[Maternal bond]] or maternal instinct is when a mother develops a relationship to a child to provide for its well-being. Maternal oxytocin is the hormone and neuropeptide thought to be responsible for predisposing women to showing bonding behavior and bonding.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Chiras | first1 = Daniel D. | name-list-style = vanc | title = Human Biology | date = 2012 | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning | location = Sudbury, MA | isbn = 978-0-7637-8345-7 | page = 262 | edition = 7th | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mqlY1n8Ez1oC&pg=PA262 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Human Evolutionary Biology | date = 2010 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-139-78900-4 | page = 282 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3NRf_8gwmO8C&pg=PA282 }}</ref>
# [[Self-preservation]] in people generally is when they have the instinct to survive.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green, Scholes |first1=Marci, Marc |title=Attachment and Human Survival |date=30 November 2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=Milton Park, Abingdon: United Kingdom |isbn=978-1855759596 |edition=1st }}</ref>
# [[Fight-or-flight]] response in human beings has been said to be a particular response to the arising harmful event, attack or threat to survival.<ref name="Cannon - Fight or Flight Response">{{cite book|last=Cannon|first=Walter|title=Wisdom of the Body|year=1932|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|location=United States|isbn=978-0393002058}}</ref>
# [[Cooperation]] behavior or social instinct has been postulated as an instinct necessary for the future survival of people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raihani |first1=Nichola |title=The Social Instinct: How Cooperation Shaped the World |date=31 August 2021 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1250262820 }}</ref>
# [[Psychological resistance|Resistance]] towards change is the difficulty experienced by a person when they are trying to push against the suggestions made to change behavior or accept certain treatments regardless of whether it will improve their condition or not.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Concept of Resistance in Self Psychology |year=1996 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=66–74 |doi=10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1996.50.1.66 |pmid=8867576 |last1=Rowe |first1=Crayton E. |journal=American Journal of Psychotherapy |doi-access=free }}</ref>
# [[Adaption|Adaptive behaviour]] to environment is an inherited innate phenotypic characteristic, whether inherited as instincts intricately, or as a neuropsychological capacity that furthers learning. Examples are [[mating]], [[foraging|searching for food]], [[situational awareness]], establishing the [[pecking order]] and [[vocable|vocalizations]].