Editing Language interpretation (section)

===Military interpreting===
[[File:U.S. Army Sgt. Bardia Afsari, left, a translator assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division, talks with Staff Sgt. John Evans, right, assigned to 340th Military Information Support Team 120528-A-NI188-030.jpg|thumb|A US military interpreter sits with Afghan army soldiers, [[Ghazni province]]]]
Interpreters are often used in a [[military]] context, carrying out interpretation usually either during [[military combat|active military combat]] or during [[Military operations other than war|noncombat operations]]. Interpretation is one of the main factors in [[Multinational force|multi-national]] and [[multi-lingual]] cooperation and [[military cohesion]] of the military and [[civilian]] populations.

During inactive military operations, the most common goal of military interpreters is to increase [[Group cohesion|overall cohesion]] in the military unit, and with the civilian population. One of the primary forces behind the feeling of an occupation is a lack of [[mutual intelligibility]]. During the [[War in Afghanistan]], the use of American soldiers that did not speak the [[languages of Afghanistan]], and the primary recruitment from northern Afghanistan, primarily [[Tajiks]], led to a feeling of the United States and Tajik forces as an [[occupying force]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23345249|title=Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan|author=Brasher, Ryan|year=2011|journal=Berkeley Journal of Sociology|volume=55|pages=97–120|jstor=23345249}}</ref> This feeling was most common in majority [[Pashtun]] areas of the country, which in turn was one of the main causes of the [[Taliban]]'s resurgence. If interpreters are not present inside war zones, it becomes extremely common for [[Cultural conflict|misunderstandings]] from the civilian population and a military force to [[Domino effect|spiral into an open conflict]], or to produce animosity and distrust, forming the basis of a [[Conflict (process)|conflict]] or an [[insurgency]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/228635|title=Interpreters and Translators in the War Zone: Narrated and Narrators|first=Mona|last=Baker |journal=Translation and Violent Conflict |volume=16 |number=2 |date=2010 |via=www.academia.edu}}</ref>

Military interpreters are commonly found in [[Iraq]] and have been largely effective, particularly in the [[Kurdistan Regional Government|Kurdish held regions]] (Kurdistan Regional Government), during the fighting against [[ISIS]]. Military interpreters were the primary drivers in [[cooperation]] between the [[Operation Inherent Resolve|coalition]] and the [[Iraqi population]] and [[Military of Iraq|military]]. Likewise managing to produce [[Peace|stability]] in areas held by the coalition, Kurdish interpreters were known for being a primary aid in this endeavour.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230235410_11|title=Globalization, Political Violence and Translation|first=Moira|last=Inghilleri|editor-first1=Esperanza|editor-last1=Bielsa|editor-first2=Christopher W.|editor-last2=Hughes|date=14 April 2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|pages=207–221|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1057/9780230235410_11}}</ref>

The fundamental act of interpreting during [[Shootout|active combat]] is extremely [[Psychological stress|stressful]] and dangerous. It is, however, necessary when different-language [[battalion]]s are fighting together with no common [[Pivot language|intermediate language]]. Misunderstandings in this context are most often [[death|fatal]], the most common misinterpretations are [[Geopositioning|positioning]] and attempted [[Breakout (military)|break outs]]. In the [[Societal collapse|chaos]] of combat, however, it can be very easy to make a mistake in interpreting, particularly with the immense noise and changing locations.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1075490.pdf |title=The Contextual over the Referential in Military Translation |author=Musallam Al-Ma'ani |publisher=Canadian Center of Science and Education |issn=1916-4742 |journal=English Language Teaching |volume=8 |number=8 |date=2015}}</ref>

Military interpreters are also used within single [[armies]] instead of multi-lingual cooperation. In this context, a military interpreter is usually a given job in each [[Military unit|unit]]. Common examples include [[Bosnia]], Pakistan, Switzerland, and South Africa. This use of assigning soldiers with different languages to a single battalion helps reinforce a feeling of [[In-group and out-group|unity]] in the military force.<ref>{{citation |chapter-url=https://ebuah.uah.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10017/47427/reconsiderando_valero_2014.pdf?sequence=4#page=15 |chapter=Wartime Interpreting: Exploring the Experiences of Interpreters and Translators |last=Capelli |first=Paolo |title=(Re)visiting Ethics and Ideology in Situations of Conflict |editor-last=Valero-Garcés |editor-first=Carmen |publisher=University of Alcalá |date=2014 |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://usuaris.tinet.cat/apym/on-line/translation/2009_intervention.pdf |title=On the ethics of translators' interventions |last=Pym |first=Anthony |date=2009 |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>

For an historical example, see also [[Austro-Hungarian Army#Linguistics and translations|Linguistics and translations in the Austro-Hungarian Army]].