Editing McCarthyism (section)

==Victims of McCarthyism==
{{original research section|date=January 2023}}
{{See also|List of films by the Hollywood Ten|Hollywood blacklist|Lavender scare}}
Estimating the number of victims of McCarthy is difficult. The number imprisoned is in the hundreds, and some ten or twelve thousand lost their jobs.{{sfn|Schrecker|1998|p=xiii}} In many cases, simply being subpoenaed by HUAC or one of the other committees was sufficient cause to be fired.{{sfn|Schrecker|2002|pp=63–64}}

For the vast majority, both the potential for them to do harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliation were tenuous.<ref>Schrecker (1998), p. 4.</ref> After the extremely damaging "[[Cambridge Spy Ring|Cambridge Five]]" spy scandal ([[Guy Burgess]], [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Donald Maclean]], [[Kim Philby]], [[Anthony Blunt]] and [[John Cairncross]]), suspected [[homosexuality]] was also a common cause for being targeted by McCarthyism. The hunt for "sexual perverts", who were presumed to be subversive by nature, resulted in over 5,000 federal workers being fired, and thousands were harassed and denied employment.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sears|first1=Brad|last2=Hunter|first2=Nan D.|last3=Mallory|first3=Christy|title=Documenting Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in State Employment|date= 2009|publisher=The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy at UCLA School of Law|location=Los Angeles|chapter=5: The Legacy of Discriminatory State Laws, Policies, and Practices, 1945–Present|page=5-3|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/5_History.pdf#page=3|quote=From 1947 to 1961, more than 5,000 allegedly homosexual federal civil servants lost their jobs in the purges for no reason other than sexual orientation, and thousands of applicants were also rejected for federal employment for the same reason. During this period, more than 1,000 men and women were fired for suspected homosexuality from the State Department alone—a far greater number than were dismissed for their membership in the Communist party. The Cold War and anticommunist efforts provided the setting in which a sustained attack upon gay men and lesbians took place. The history of this 'lavender scare' by the federal government has been extensively documented by historian David Johnson, who has demonstrated that during this era, government officials intentionally engaged in campaigns to associate homosexuality with Communism: 'homosexual' and 'pervert' became synonyms for 'Communist' and 'traitor.' LGBT people were treated as a national-security threat, demanding the attention of Congress, the courts, statehouses, and the media.|access-date=December 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206215755/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/5_History.pdf#page=3|archive-date=February 6, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|D'Emilio|1998|pp=41–49.}} Many have termed this aspect of McCarthyism the "[[lavender scare]]".<ref>David K. Johnson, ''The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government''. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.), p. 10</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=An interview with David K. Johnson author of The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government|url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/404811in.html|website=press.uchicago.edu|publisher=The University of Chicago|date=2004|quote=The Lavender Scare helped fan the flames of the Red Scare. In popular discourse, communists and homosexuals were often conflated. Both groups were perceived as hidden subcultures with their own meeting places, literature, cultural codes, and bonds of loyalty. Both groups were thought to recruit to their ranks the psychologically weak or disturbed. And both groups were considered immoral and godless. Many people believed that the two groups were working together to undermine the government.|access-date=December 16, 2017|archive-date=April 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428220312/https://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/404811in.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Homosexuality was classified as a psychiatric disorder in the 1950s.<ref name="Patrizia Gentile 2010. pg 65">Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile. ''The Canadian War on Queers: National Security as Sexual Regulation''. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2010, p. 65.</ref> However, in the context of the highly politicized Cold War environment, homosexuality became framed as a dangerous, contagious social disease that posed a potential threat to state security.<ref name="Patrizia Gentile 2010. pg 65"/> As the family was believed to be the cornerstone of American strength and integrity,<ref>Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline Davis. ''Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold''. New York: Routledge, 1993, p. 75.</ref> the description of homosexuals as "sexual perverts" meant that they were both unable to function within a family unit and presented the potential to poison the social body.<ref name="Patrizia Gentile 2010. pg 8">Kinsman and Gentile, p. 8.</ref> This era also witnessed the establishment of widely spread FBI surveillance intended to identify homosexual government employees.<ref>John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman. ''Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America'', 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012, p. 316.</ref>

The McCarthy hearings and according "sexual pervert" investigations can be seen to have been driven by a desire to identify individuals whose ability to function as loyal citizens had been compromised.<ref name="Patrizia Gentile 2010. pg 8"/> McCarthy began his campaign by drawing upon the ways in which he embodied traditional American values to become the self-appointed vanguard of social morality.<ref>David K. Johnson, p. 96.</ref>

[[File:Dalton and Cleo Trumbo (1947 HUAC hearings).png|thumb|[[Dalton Trumbo]] and his wife, Cleo, at the HUAC in 1947]]
In the film industry, more than 300 actors, authors, and directors were denied work in the U.S. through the unofficial [[Hollywood blacklist]]. Blacklists were at work throughout the entertainment industry, in universities and schools at all levels, in the legal profession, and in many other fields. A port-security program initiated by the Coast Guard shortly after the start of the Korean War required a review of every maritime worker who loaded or worked aboard any American ship, regardless of cargo or destination. As with other loyalty-security reviews of McCarthyism, the identities of any accusers and even the nature of any accusations were typically kept secret from the accused. Nearly 3,000 seamen and longshoremen lost their jobs due to this program alone.{{sfn|Schrecker|1998|p=267}}

Some of the notable people who were blacklisted or suffered some other persecution during McCarthyism include:

{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Larry Adler]], musician
* [[Nelson Algren]], writer<ref>Publication canceled after FBI contact: {{cite book|author=Horvath, Brooke|year=2005|title=Understanding Nelson Algren|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|page=84|isbn=1570035741}}</ref>
* [[Lucille Ball]], actress, model, and film studio executive.<ref>Investigated by the FBI and brought before HUAC for having registered as a Communist supporter in 1936: {{cite web|title=Lucille Ball|url=https://vault.fbi.gov/lucille-ball/lucille-ball-part-01-of-01/view|website=FBI Records: The Vault|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|access-date=September 9, 2015|archive-date=September 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905180532/https://vault.fbi.gov/lucille-ball/lucille-ball-part-01-of-01/view|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Robert N. Bellah]], sociologist
* [[Walter Bernstein]], screenwriter
* [[Alvah Bessie]], [[Abraham Lincoln Brigade]], writer, journalist, screenwriter, [[Hollywood blacklist|Hollywood Ten]]
* [[Elmer Bernstein]], composer and conductor<ref>On Hollywood "graylist": {{cite news|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/composer-elmer-bernstein-dead-82-wbna5753311|title=Composer Elmer Bernstein Dead at 82|date=August 19, 2004|access-date=February 27, 2009|publisher=Today.com|agency=Associated Press|archive-date=April 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420124904/http://www.today.com/popculture/composer-elmer-bernstein-dead-82-wbna5753311|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Leonard Bernstein]], conductor, pianist, composer{{sfn|Schrecker|2002|p=244}}
* [[David Bohm]], physicist and philosopher<ref>Lost his job, exiled: {{cite book|author=Jessica Wang|year=1999|title=American Science in an Age of Anxiety: scientists, anticommunism, & the cold war|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|pages=277–278|isbn=978-0807824474}}</ref>
* [[Bertolt Brecht]], poet, playwright, screenwriter
* Archie Brown, [[Abraham Lincoln Brigade]], veteran of World War II, union leader, imprisoned. Successfully challenged [[Landrum–Griffin Act]] provision<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/25/obituaries/archie-brown-79-union-leader-in-landmark-case-on-communists.html "Obituary"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331000632/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/25/obituaries/archie-brown-79-union-leader-in-landmark-case-on-communists.html |date=March 31, 2017 }}, ''The New York Times'', November 25, 1990. Retrieved June 10, 2014.</ref>
* [[Esther Brunauer]], forced from the U.S. State Department<ref>{{cite news|title=McCarthy Target Ousted|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/21/84368794.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301091502/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/21/84368794.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-01 |url-status=live |access-date=April 4, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 21, 1952}}</ref>
* [[Luis Buñuel]], film director, producer<ref>{{cite book|author1=Buhle, Paul |author2=David Wagner |name-list-style=amp |title=Blacklisted: The Film Lover's Guide to the Hollywood Blacklist|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2003b|isbn=140396145X }}</ref>
* [[Charlie Chaplin]], actor and director<ref>Harassed by anti-Communist groups, denied reentry to United States while traveling abroad: {{cite book |author=Lev, Peter|year=1999 |title=Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959|publisher= University of California Press|page=159 |isbn=0520249666}}</ref>
* [[Aaron Copland]], composer<ref name=blacklist2>On the ''Red Channels'' blacklist of artists and entertainers: {{harvnb|Schrecker|2002|p=244}}</ref>
* [[Bartley Crum]], attorney<ref>Blacklisted in his profession, committed suicide in 1959: {{cite book|author=Bosworth, Patricia |title=Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story |publisher=Touchstone |year=1998 |isbn=0684838486 |url=https://archive.org/details/anythingyourlitt00bosw }}</ref>
* [[Howard da Silva]], actor<ref name="Channels"/>
* [[Jules Dassin]], director<ref>On Hollywood blacklist: {{harvnb|Buhle|Wagner|2003|p=105}}</ref>
* [[Chandler Davis]], mathematician
* [[Natalie Zemon Davis]], historian
* [[Dolores del Río]], actress<ref>Harassed by anti-Communist groups, denied reentry to United States, thus prevented from acting in the movie ''[[Broken Lance]]'': {{cite book |author=Ramón, David |year=1997 |title=Dolores del Río |publisher=Clío |page=44 |isbn=9686932356}}</ref>
* [[Edward Dmytryk]], director, [[Hollywood blacklist|Hollywood Ten]]
* [[W.E.B. Du Bois]], civil rights activist and author<ref>Indicted under the [[Foreign Agents Registration Act]]: {{cite book |author=Du Bois, W.E.B. |title=The Autobiography of W.E.B. Du Bois |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofw0000dubo |url-access=registration |publisher=International Publishers |year=1968 |isbn=0717802345 }}</ref>
* [[Barrows Dunham]], philosopher
* [[George A. Eddy]], pre-Keynesian Harvard economist, US Treasury monetary policy specialist<ref>{{cite book|author=Craig, R. Bruce|title=Treasonable Doubt|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=2004|page=496|isbn =978-0700613113}}</ref>
* [[Albert Einstein]], [[Nobel Prize]]-winning physicist, philosopher, mathematician, activist<ref>{{cite book|author=Jerome, Fred|title=The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2002|isbn=0312288565|url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinfile00fred}}</ref>
* [[Hanns Eisler]], composer<ref>{{cite book|author=Herman, Jan|title=A Talent for Trouble: The Life of Hollywood's Most Acclaimed Director, William Wyler|publisher=Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo|year=1995|isbn=030680798X }}</ref>
* [[Howard Fast]], writer<ref>Blacklisted, imprisoned for three months for contempt of Congress: Sabin (1999), p. 75.</ref>
* [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], novelist and playwright<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander, Stephan|title=Überwacht. Ausgebürgert. Exiliert: Schriftsteller und der Staat|publisher=Bielefeld: Aisthesis Verlag|year=2007|pages=36–52|isbn=978-3895286346 }}</ref>
* [[Carl Foreman]], writer of ''[[High Noon]]''
* [[John Garfield]], actor<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[C.H. Garrigues]], journalist<ref>[https://archive.org/details/investigationofc05unit ''Investigation of Communist Activities in the Los Angeles Area – Part 5,'' ''United States Congress, House Committee on Un-American Activities'']</ref>
* [[Jack Gilford]], actor<ref name="Channels"/>
* [[Ruth Gordon]], actress<ref name="Channels"/>
* [[Lee Grant]], actress<ref>On Hollywood blacklist: {{harvnb|Buhle|Wagner|2003|p=31}}</ref>
* [[Dashiell Hammett]], author<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Hananiah Harari]], American painter and illustrator
* [[Elizabeth Hawes]], clothing designer, author, equal rights activist<ref>{{cite book|author=Berch, Bettina|title=Radical By Design: The Life and Style of Elizabeth Hawes|publisher=Dutton Adult|year=1988|isbn =0525247157}}</ref>
* [[Lillian Hellman]], playwright<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Dorothy Ray Healey|Dorothy Healey]], union organizer, CPUSA official<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-08-me-healey8-story.html "Dorothy Healey Lifelong Communist Fought for Workers"], [[Los Angeles Times]], Dennis McLellan, August 8, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2014.</ref>
* [[Lena Horne]], singer<ref name="Channels"/>
* [[Langston Hughes]], writer, poet, playwright<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Lester C. Hunt]], U.S. Senator<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.boisestate.edu/bluereview/shocking-death-senator-lester-hunt | title=The Shocking Death of Senator Lester Hunt | date=June 20, 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917)|Marsha Hunt]], actress
* [[Sam Jaffe]], actor<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Theodore Kaghan]], diplomat<ref name=obit>"[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEED91231F932A2575BC0A96F948260& "Theodore Kaghan, 77; Was in Foreign Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113040740/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/11/obituaries/theodore-kaghan-77-was-in-foreign-service.html |date=2020-11-13 }}". ''The New York Times'', August 11, 1989. Accessed March 7, 2011.</ref>
* [[Garson Kanin]], writer and director<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Ernst Kantorowicz]], historian
* [[Danny Kaye]], comedian, singer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vault.fbi.gov/Danny%20Kaye%20 |title=Subject: Danny Kaye |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=June 29, 2013 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512164343/http://vault.fbi.gov/Danny%20Kaye%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=August 2013}}
* [[Benjamin Keen]], historian<ref>Keith Haynes "''Benjamin Keen 1913–2002''" Hispanic American Historical Review 83.2 (2003) 357–359</ref>
* [[Otto Klemperer]], conductor and composer<ref>{{cite book|author=Heyworth, Peter|title=Otto Klemperer: Vol. 2, 1933–1973: His Life and Times|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0521244886|url=https://archive.org/details/ottoklempererhis00heyw}}</ref>
* [[Gypsy Rose Lee]], actress and [[stripper]]<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Harold Lewis]], physicist
* [[Cornelius Lanczos]], mathematician and physicist<ref>{{cite book|title=The Lanczos Method:Evolution and Application|url=https://archive.org/details/lanczosmethodevo00komz|url-access=limited|author=Louis Komzsik|page=[https://archive.org/details/lanczosmethodevo00komz/page/n91 79]|publisher=SIAM|year=2003|isbn=978-0898715378}}</ref>
* [[Ring Lardner Jr.]], screenwriter, [[Hollywood blacklist|Hollywood Ten]]
* [[Arthur Laurents]], playwright<ref name="Channels">{{cite web|url=http://www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/redchannels/redchannels.html|title=The Authentic History Center: Red Channels, The Blacklist|access-date=July 21, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
* [[Philip Loeb]], actor<ref>Blacklisted and unemployed, committed suicide in 1955: {{harvnb|Fried|1990|p=156}}</ref>
* [[Jacob Loewenberg]], philosopher
* [[Joseph Losey]], director<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Albert Maltz]], screenwriter, [[Hollywood blacklist|Hollywood Ten]]
* [[Heinrich Mann]], novelist<ref name="Stephan, Alexander 1995">{{cite book|author=Stephan, Alexander|title=Im Visier des FBI: deutsche Exilschriftsteller in den Akten amerikanischer Geheimdienste|publisher=Metzler|year=1995|isbn =3476013812 }}</ref>
* [[Klaus Mann]], writer<ref name="Stephan, Alexander 1995"/>
* [[Thomas Mann]], [[Nobel Prize]] winning novelist and essayist<ref name="Stephan, Alexander 1995"/>
* [[Thomas McGrath (poet)|Thomas McGrath]], poet
* [[Burgess Meredith]], actor<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Arthur Miller]], playwright and essayist<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Jessica Mitford]], author, [[muckraker]]. Refused to testify to HUAC.
* [[Dimitri Mitropoulos]], conductor, pianist, composer<ref>{{cite book|author=Trotter, William R.|title=Priest of Music. The Life of Dimitri Mitropoulos|publisher=Amadeus Press|year=1995|isbn=0931340810|url=https://archive.org/details/priestofmusiclif00trot}}</ref>
* [[Zero Mostel]], actor<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Charles Muscatine]], literary scholar
* [[Joseph Needham]], biochemist, sinologist, historian of science
* [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], theoretical physicist, director of the [[Manhattan Project]]
* [[Dorothy Parker]], writer, humorist<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Linus Pauling]], chemist, Nobel prizes for Chemistry and Peace<ref>Repeatedly denied passport: {{cite web|author1=Thompson, Gail |author2=R. Andrew Viruleg |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Pauling.html |title=Linus Pauling |publisher=Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation |access-date=December 11, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224231408/http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Pauling.html |archive-date=December 24, 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Samuel Reber]], diplomat<ref>Robert D. Dean, ''The Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy'' ([[University of Massachusetts Press]], 2001), 65, 127, 140</ref>
* [[Stack v. Boyle#Al Richmond|Al Richmond]], union organizer, editor<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/09/obituaries/al-richmond-leftist-ex-editor.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw "Obituary"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510081006/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/09/obituaries/al-richmond-leftist-ex-editor.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw |date=May 10, 2017 }}, ''The New York Times'', November 9, 1987. Retrieved June 10, 2014.</ref>
* [[Martin Ritt]], actor and director<ref>On Hollywood blacklist: {{harvnb|Buhle|Wagner|2003|p=18}}</ref>
* [[Paul Robeson]], actor, athlete, singer, writer, political activist<ref>Blacklisted, passport revoked: {{cite book|editor-first1=Marable|editor-last1=Manning|editor-first2=John|editor-last2=McMillian|editor-first3=Nishani|editor-last3=Frazier )|year=2003|title=Freedom on My Mind: The Columbia Documentary History of the African American Experience|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/freedomonmymindc00bada/page/559 559]|isbn=0231108907|url=https://archive.org/details/freedomonmymindc00bada/page/559}}</ref>
* [[Edward G. Robinson]], actor<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Waldo Salt]], screenwriter<ref>On Hollywood blacklist: {{harvnb|Buhle|Wagner|2003|p=208}}</ref>
* [[David S. Saxon]], physicist
* [[Jean Seberg]], actress<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul |last=Brodeur |title=A Writer in the Cold War |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=1997 |isbn=978-0571199075 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/secretswriterinc00brod/page/159 159–165] |url=https://archive.org/details/secretswriterinc00brod/page/159 }}</ref>
* [[Pete Seeger]], folk singer, songwriter<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Robert Serber]], physicist
* [[Artie Shaw]], jazz musician, bandleader, author<ref name=blacklist2/>
* [[Irwin Shaw]], writer<ref name="Channels"/>
* [[William L. Shirer]], journalist, author<ref>Herbert Mitgang. "[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/29/obituaries/william-l-shirer-author-is-dead-at-89.html William L. Shirer, Author, Is Dead at 89] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501103823/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/29/obituaries/william-l-shirer-author-is-dead-at-89.html |date=2017-05-01 }}". ''The New York Times'', December 29, 1993. Accessed March 5, 2011.</ref>
* [[Lionel Stander]], actor<ref>Lawrence Van Gelder. "[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/02/obituaries/lionel-stander-dies-at-86-actor-who-defied-blacklist.html Lionel Stander Dies at 86; Actor Who Defied Blacklist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219192932/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/02/obituaries/lionel-stander-dies-at-86-actor-who-defied-blacklist.html |date=2017-02-19 }}". ''The New York Times'', December 2, 1994. Accessed March 5, 2011.</ref>
* [[Jack Steinberger]], physicist
* [[Dirk Jan Struik]], mathematician, historian of maths<ref>[http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00003184.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316224444/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00003184.pdf |date=March 16, 2014 }} p. 7</ref>
* [[Paul Sweezy]], economist and founder-editor of ''[[Monthly Review]]''<ref>Subpoenaed by New Hampshire Attorney General, indicted for contempt of court: {{cite book|author=Heale, M. J. |title=McCarthy's Americans: Red Scare Politics in State and Nation, 1935–1965|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=1998|page=73|isbn=0820320269}}</ref>
* [[Charles W. Thayer]], diplomat<ref>Robert D. Dean, ''Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy'' (Amherst, MA: [[University of Massachusetts Press]], 2001), 141–144</ref>
* [[Edward C. Tolman]], psychologist
* [[Dalton Trumbo]], screenwriter, [[Hollywood blacklist|Hollywood Ten]]
* [[Tsien Hsue-shen]], physicist<ref>Passport revoked, incarcerated: {{cite book|last=Chang, Iris|year=1996|title=Thread of the Silkworm |publisher=Basic Books|isbn=0465006787}}</ref>
* [[Sam Wanamaker]], actor, director, responsible for recreating [[Shakespeare's Globe|Shakespeare's Globe Theatre]] in London, England.
* [[Gene Weltfish]], anthropologist fired from [[Columbia University]]<ref>David H. Price. 2004. Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists. Duke University Press, March 30, 2004</ref>
* [[Gian Carlo Wick]], physicist
{{div col end}}

In 1953, Robert K. Murray, a young professor of history at Pennsylvania State University who had served as an intelligence officer in World War II, was revising his dissertation on the [[First Red Scare|Red Scare of 1919–20]] for publication until [[Little, Brown and Company]] decided that "under the circumstances ... it wasn't wise for them to bring this book out." He learned that investigators were questioning his colleagues and relatives. The University of Minnesota press published his volume, ''Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920'', in 1955.<ref>Organization of American Historians: [http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2003nov/murray.html Lee W. Formwalt, "Robert Murray's Two Red Scares," in OAH Newsletter, November 2003] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904174256/http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2003nov/murray.html |date=September 4, 2013 }}, accessed January 28, 2011</ref>