Editing Medical error (section)

=== Medical prescriptions ===
{{Main|Medical prescription}}
While in 2000 the Committee on Quality of Health Care in America affirmed medical mistakes are an "unavoidable outcome of learning to practice medicine",<ref>{{cite book | author =  Linda T. Kohn| author2 = Janet M. Corrigan | author3 = Molla S. Donaldson | pmid = 25077248 | title = To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System | doi = 10.17226/9728 | year = 2000| isbn = 978-0-309-26174-6 }}</ref> at 2019 the commonly accepted link between prescribing skills and [[clinical clerkships]] was not yet demonstrated by the available data<ref name ="10.29313/gmhc.v7i1.4069" /> and in the U.S. [[Medical prescription#Legibility of handwritten prescriptions|legibility of handwritten prescriptions]] has been indirectly responsible for at least 7,000 deaths annually.<ref name="courtcase">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tdi.texas.gov/appeals/1999cases/991681r.pdf|title=APPEAL NO. 991681 Texas v. Dr. K|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108050746/https://www.tdi.texas.gov/appeals/1999cases/991681r.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prescription errors concern ambiguous abbreviations, the right spelling of the full name of drugs: improper use of the nomenclature, of decimal points, unit or rate expressions; legibility and proper instructions; miscalculations of the [[posology]] (quantity, route and frequency of administration, duration of the treatment, dosage form and dosage strength); lack of information about patients (e.g. [[allergy]], declining [[renal function]]) or reported in the medical document.<ref name ="10.29313/gmhc.v7i1.4069">{{cite journal | author = Raden Anita Indriyanti | author2 = Fajar Awalia Yulianto | author3 = Yuke Andriane | url = https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/gmhc/article/view/4069 | title = Prescription Writing Errors in Clinical Clerkship among Medical Students | pages = 41–42 | doi = 10.29313/gmhc.v7i1.4069 | format = PDF | journal = Global Medical and Health Communication | year = 2019 | volume = 7 | via = DOAJ | issn = 2301-9123  | oclc = 8186593909 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200926142205/https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/gmhc/article/view/4069/pdf | archive-date = September 26, 2020 | url-status = live| doi-access = free }}</ref>  There were an estimated 66 million clinically significant medication errors in the British NHS in 2018.  The resulting adverse drug reactions are estimated to cause around 700 deaths a year in England and to contribute to around 22,000 deaths a year. The British researchers did not find any evidence that error rates were lower in other countries, and the global cost was estimated at $42 billion per year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elliott |first1=Rachel |title=PREVALENCE AND ECONOMIC BURDEN OF MEDICATION ERRORS IN THE NHS IN ENGLAND |url=https://www.bpsassessment.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/1.-Prevalence-and-economic-burden-of-medication-errors-in-the-NHS-in-England-1.pdf |access-date=19 June 2022 |agency=Policy Research Unit in Economic Evaluation of Health & Care Interventions |publisher=University of Sheffield |date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926082420/https://www.bpsassessment.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/1.-Prevalence-and-economic-burden-of-medication-errors-in-the-NHS-in-England-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Medication errors in hospital include omissions, delayed dosing and incorrect medication administrations. Medication errors are not always readily identified, but can be reported using case note reviews or incident reporting systems.<ref name="s605">{{cite journal | last1=Mill | first1=Deanna | last2=Bakker | first2=Michael | last3=Corre | first3=Lauren | last4=Page | first4=Amy | last5=Johnson | first5=Jacinta | title=A comparison between Parkinson's medication errors identified through retrospective case note review versus via an incident reporting system during hospital admission | journal=International Journal of Pharmacy Practice | volume=28 | issue=6 | date=2020-11-06 | issn=0961-7671 | doi=10.1111/ijpp.12668 | pages=663–666| pmid=32844477 }}</ref> There are pharmacist-led interventions that can reduce the incident of medication error.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1002/jppr.1699 | title=The impact of pharmacist-led strategies implemented to reduce errors related to cancer therapies: A systematic review | year=2020 | last1=Coutsouvelis | first1=John | last2=Siderov | first2=Jim | last3=Tey | first3=Amanda Y. | last4=Bortz | first4=Hadley D. | last5=o'Connor | first5=Shaun R. | last6=Rowan | first6=Gail D. | last7=Vasileff | first7=Hayley M. | last8=Page | first8=Amy T. | last9=Percival | first9=Mia A. | journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research | volume=50 | issue=6 | pages=466–480 | s2cid=229332634 | doi-access=free }}</ref>  [[Electronic prescribing]] has been shown to reduce prescribing errors by up to 30%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donyai |first1=Parastou  |title=The effects of electronic prescribing on the quality of prescribing |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |publisher=Br J Clin Pharmacol |date=February 2008|volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=230–237 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02995.x |pmid=17662088 |pmc=2253693 }}</ref>