Editing Metacognition (section)

=== Debate ===
There is consensus that nonhuman primates, especially great apes and rhesus monkeys, exhibit metacognitive control and monitoring behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=J. David|last2=Couchman|first2=Justin J.|last3=Beran|first3=Michael J.|date=2014|title=Animal metacognition: A tale of two comparative psychologies.|url= |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology|volume=128|issue=2|pages=115–131|doi=10.1037/a0033105|pmid=23957740|issn=1939-2087|pmc=3929533}}</ref> But less convergent evidence was found in other animals such as rats and pigeons.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beran|first=Michael|date=2019-11-01|title=Animal metacognition: A decade of progress, problems, and the development of new prospects.|journal=Animal Behavior and Cognition|volume=6|issue=4|pages=223–229|doi=10.26451/abc.06.04.01.2019|issn=2372-5052|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some researchers criticized these methods and posited that these performances might be accounted for by low-level conditioning mechanisms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=J. David|last2=Zakrzewski|first2=Alexandria C.|last3=Church|first3=Barbara A.|date=2015-12-15|title=Formal models in animal-metacognition research: the problem of interpreting animals' behavior|journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review|volume=23|issue=5|pages=1341–1353|doi=10.3758/s13423-015-0985-2|pmid=26669600|pmc=4909597|issn=1069-9384|doi-access=free}}</ref> Animals learned the association between reward and external stimuli through simple reinforcement models. However, many studies have demonstrated that the reinforcement model alone cannot explain animals’ behavioral patterns. Animals have shown adaptive metacognitive behavior even with the absence of concrete reward.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beran|first1=Michael J.|last2=Smith|first2=J. David|last3=Coutinho|first3=Mariana V. C.|last4=Couchman|first4=Justin J.|last5=Boomer|first5=Joseph|date=2009|title=The psychological organization of "uncertainty" responses and "middle" responses: A dissociation in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).|url= |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes|volume=35|issue=3|pages=371–381|doi=10.1037/a0014626|pmid=19594282|issn=1939-2184|pmc=3901429}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=J. David|last2=Redford|first2=Joshua S.|last3=Beran|first3=Michael J.|last4=Washburn|first4=David A.|date=2009-06-13|title=Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) adaptively monitor uncertainty while multi-tasking|url= |journal=Animal Cognition|volume=13|issue=1|pages=93–101|doi=10.1007/s10071-009-0249-5|pmid=19526256|issn=1435-9448|pmc=3951156}}</ref>