Editing Mirror test (section)

==== Fish ====
* [[Bluestreak cleaner wrasse]] (''Labroides dimidiatus''): According to a study done in 2019, [[cleaner wrasses]] were the first fish observed to pass the mirror test.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |last2=Phys.org |title=Bluestreak cleaner wrasse found to recognize self in photograph after passing mirror test |url=https://phys.org/news/2023-02-bluestreak-cleaner-wrasse-mirror.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |last2=Phys.org |title=Small fish passes classic self-awareness test |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-09-small-fish-classic-self-awareness.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> The bluestreak cleaner wrasse is a tiny tropical reef [[cleaner fish]]. Cleaner fish have an adapted evolutionary behavior in which they remove parasites and dead tissue from larger fish. When put through the mirror test, using a benign brown gel injected into the skin of the fish, and resembling a parasite, the cleaner wrasse showed all the behaviors of passing through the phases of the test. When provided with a colored tag in a modified mark test, the fish attempted to scrape off this tag by scraping their bodies on the side of the mirror. Gordon Gallup believes the cleaner wrasses' behavior can be attributed to something other than recognizing itself in a mirror. Gallup has argued that a cleaner wrasse's job in life is to be aware of ectoparasites on the bodies of other fish, so it would be hyper aware of the fake parasite that it noticed in the mirror, perhaps seeing it as a parasite that it needed to clean off of a different fish. The authors of the study retort that because the fish checked itself in the mirror before and after the scraping, this means that the fish has self-awareness and recognizes that its reflection belongs to its own body.<ref>{{cite web |last=Buehler |first=Jake |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/fish-cleaner-wrasse-self-aware-mirror-test-intelligence-news |title=This tiny fish can recognize itself in a mirror. Is it self-aware? |date=2019-02-08 |website=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=2025-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302171854/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/fish-cleaner-wrasse-self-aware-mirror-test-intelligence-news |archive-date=2021-03-02 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A species of fish has passed the mirror test for the first time|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2178329-a-species-of-fish-has-passed-the-mirror-test-for-the-first-time/|last=Ye|first=Yvaine|website=New Scientist|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref name="rxiv-fish">{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000021 |doi-access=free|title=If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals? |year=2019 |last1=Kohda|first1=Masanori |last2=Hotta|first2=Takashi |last3=Takeyama|first3=Tomohiro |last4=Awata|first4=Satoshi |last5=Tanaka|first5=Hirokazu |last6=Asai|first6=Jun-ya |last7=Jordan|first7=Alex L. |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=17|issue=2|pages=e3000021|pmid=30730878|pmc=6366756}}</ref> The cleaner wrasses, when tested, spent a large amount of time with the mirror when they were first getting acquainted with it, without any training. Importantly, the cleaner wrasses performed scraping behavior with the colored mark, and they did not perform the same scraping behavior without the colored mark in the presence of the mirror, nor when they were with the mirror and had a transparent mark.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000112 |pmid = 30730875|title = Fish, mirrors, and a gradualist perspective on self-awareness|journal = PLOS Biology|volume = 17|issue = 2|pages = e3000112|year = 2019|last1 = De Waal|first1 = Frans B. M.|pmc = 6366752 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Following various objections, the researchers published a follow-up study in 2022, where they did the mirror test on a larger sample of wrasses and experimented with several marking techniques. The new results "increase[d] [the researchers'] confidence that cleaner fish indeed pass the mark test", although wrasses attempted to scrape off the mark only when it resembled a parasite.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferreira|first=Becky|title=Fish Might Really Be Self-Aware, New Study Finds|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/fish-might-really-be-self-aware-new-study-finds/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218072538/https://www.vice.com/en/article/z3nwgw/fish-might-really-be-self-aware-new-study-finds|archive-date=February 18, 2022|access-date=February 19, 2022|website=Vice|url-status=live|date=17 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kohda|first1=Masanori|last2=Sogawa|first2=Shumpei|last3=Jordan|first3=Alex L.|last4=Kubo|first4=Naoki|last5=Awata|first5=Satoshi|last6=Satoh|first6=Shun|last7=Kobayashi|first7=Taiga|last8=Fujita|first8=Akane|last9=Bshary|first9=Redouan|date=2022-02-17|title=Further evidence for the capacity of mirror self-recognition in cleaner fish and the significance of ecologically relevant marks|journal=PLOS Biology|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=e3001529|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001529|pmid=35176032 |issn=1545-7885|pmc=8853551 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Another study in 2024 found that cleaner wrasse that initially showed aggression to photographs 10% larger and 10% smaller than themselves ceased confrontation with 10% larger photographs upon encountering their reflection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Taiga |last2=Kohda |first2=Masanori |last3=Awata |first3=Satoshi |last4=Bshary |first4=Redouan |last5=Sogawa |first5=Shumpei |date=2024-09-11 |title=Cleaner fish with mirror self-recognition capacity precisely realize their body size based on their mental image |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=20202 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-70138-7 |pmid=39261520 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=11390716 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1420202K }}</ref>
*[[Giant oceanic manta ray]] (''Mobula birostris''): In 2016 a modified mirror test done on two captive manta rays showed that they exhibited behavior associated with [[self-awareness]] (i.e. contingency checking and unusual self-directed behavior).<ref name="Ari" />