Editing Open relationship (section)

===Negative outcomes===
Couples in open marriages expose themselves to the potential for conflicts caused by jealousy. Studies have shown that 80 percent or more of couples in open marriages experience jealousy over their extramarital relationships.<ref name="Buunk, 1981">{{Cite journal |last=Buunk |first=Bram |date=August 1981 |title=Jealousy in sexually open marriages |journal=Alternative Lifestyles |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=357–372 |doi=10.1007/BF01257944 |s2cid=198498499}}</ref><ref name="Ramey, 1975">{{Cite journal |last=Ramey |first=James W. |date=October 1975 |title=Intimate groups and networks: Frequent consequence of sexually open marriage |journal=The Family Coordinator |publisher=[[American Psychological Association|APA]] via [[PsycNET]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=515–530 |doi=10.2307/583035 |jstor=583035}}</ref> Jealousy with its roots in open marriage can lead to serious conflicts. For example, attempting to interfere with a rival relationship may make a partner angry. Insulting or berating a partner may provoke retaliatory responses. Demanding greater commitment may ignite arguments. Indeed, many studies have reported that conflict occurs during episodes of jealousy.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=White |first1=Gregory L. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780898623857 |title=Jealousy: theory, research, and clinical strategies |last2=Mullen |first2=Paul E. |publisher=Guilford Press |year=1989 |isbn=9780898625325 |location=New York, N.Y |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryson |first=Jeff B. |title=The psychology of jealousy and envy |publisher=Guilford Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780898625554 |editor-last=Salovey |editor-first=Peter |location=New York |pages=1–45 |chapter=Modes of response to jealousy-evoking situations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Buunk |first=Bram P. |title=The psychology of jealousy and envy |publisher=Guilford Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780898625554 |editor-last=Salovey |editor-first=Peter |location=New York |pages=148–177 |chapter=Jealousy in close relationships: an exchange-theoretical perspective}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Guerrero |first1=Laura K. |title=The dark side of close relationships |last2=Andersen |first2=Peter A. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1998 |isbn=9781410601117 |editor-last=Cupach |editor-first=William R. |location=Hoboken |pages=33–70 |chapter=The dark side of jealousy and envy: desire, delusion, desperation, and destructive communication |editor-last2=Spitzberg |editor-first2=Brian H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Gary L. |title=The psychology of jealousy and envy |publisher=Guilford Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780898625554 |editor-last=Salovey |editor-first=Peter |location=New York |pages=211–230 |chapter=Jealousy: its conceptualization, measurement, and integration with family stress theory}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schaap |first1=Cas |title=Perspectives on marital interaction |last2=Buunk |first2=Bram |last3=Kerkstra |first3=Ada |publisher=Multilingual Matters |year=1988 |isbn=9780585175928 |editor-last=Noller |editor-first=Patricia |location=Clevedon, Avon, England |pages=203–244 |chapter=Marital conflict resolution |editor-last2=Fitzpatrick |editor-first2=Mary Anne |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTIPiyGuQ6gC&pg=PA203}}</ref> The conflicts caused by jealousy can seem overwhelming and damage relationships.

Even when jealousy is not an overwhelming problem, open relationships may cause other complications. Numerous authors have argued that open marriages disrupt relationships by interfering with intimacy and provoking insecurities.<ref name="Hunt, 1974" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Levinger |first=George |title=Divorce and separation: context, causes, and consequences |publisher=Basic Books |year=1979 |isbn=9780465016822 |editor-last=Levinger |editor-first=George |location=New York |chapter=A social psychological perspective on marital dissolution |editor-last2=Moles |editor-first2=Oliver C. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/divorceseparatio00teds}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bancroft |first=John |title=Human sexuality and its problems |publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=9780443051616 |edition=3rd |location=Edinburgh New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Jeffrey S. |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000turn |title=Encyclopedia of relationships across the lifespan |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780313295768 |location=Westport, Connecticut |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Olds |first1=Jacqueline |title=Marriage in motion: the natural ebb and flow of lasting relationships |last2=Schwartz |first2=Richard S. |publisher=Perseus Pub |year=2002 |isbn=9780738208305 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>

Some couples report that open marriage contributed to their divorces. Janus and Janus asked divorced people to list the one primary reason for their divorces.<ref name="Janus, Janus, 1993">{{Cite book |last1=Janus |first1=Sam S. |url=https://archive.org/details/janusreportonsex00janu |title=The Janus report on sexual behavior |last2=Janus |first2=Cynthia L. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=1993 |isbn=9780471525400 |location=New York}}</ref> Approximately 1 percent of men and 2 percent of women listed open marriage as the primary reason for their divorce. This seems like a small percentage, but keep in mind that only 1 to 6 percent of the population have open marriages.<ref name="Hunt, 1974">{{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=Morton M. |url=https://archive.org/details/sexualbehaviorin0000hunt |title=Sexual behavior in the 1970s |publisher=[[Playboy Press]] |year=1974 |isbn=9780872233935 |location=Chicago, Illinois |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jenks |first=Richard J. |date=October 1998 |title=Swinging: a review of the literature |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=507–521 |doi=10.1023/A:1018708730945 |pmid=9795730 |s2cid=5971960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartell |first=Gilbert D. |title=Group sex: an eyewitness report on the American way of swinging |publisher=New American Library |location=New York, NY |oclc=729322685}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spanier |first1=Graham B. |last2=Cole |first2=Charles L. |date=March 1975 |title=Mate swapping: Perceptions, value orientations, and participation in a Midwestern community |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=143–159 |doi=10.1007/BF01541079 |pmid=1119933 |s2cid=35528363}}</ref> Open marriage is perceived as a primary cause of divorce in a substantial minority of the 1 to 6 percent of people who have open marriages.

The extent to which open marriage actually contributes to divorce remains uncertain. Blumstein and Schwartz note a slightly higher risk of divorce among couples who engage in extramarital sex, even if the couples agree to allow extramarital sex.<ref name="Blumstein, Schwartz, 1983">{{Cite book |last1=Blumstein |first1=Philip |title=American couples: money, work, sex |last2=Schwartz |first2=Pepper |publisher=William Morrow and Company |year=1985 |isbn=9780671523534 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>