Editing Polonization (section)

=== Lithuanians ===
[[File:Lithuanian postage stamps with overprints of Central Lithuania (Litwa Srodkowa), 1920.jpg|thumb|[[Lietuvos paštas|Lithuanian postage]] [[Postage stamp|stamps]] with Polish [[overprint]]s of [[Republic of Central Lithuania|Central Lithuania (''Środkowa Litwa'')]], made in 1920]]
During the [[interbellum|interwar period]] of the 20th century (1920–1939), [[Lithuanian–Polish relations]] were characterized by mutual enmity. As a consequence of the conflict over the city of [[Vilnius]], and the [[Polish–Lithuanian War]], both governments – in the era of nationalism which was sweeping through Europe – treated their respective minorities harshly.<ref name="Żołędowski114"/><ref name="Makowski244"/><ref name="stanford">{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/LithuaniaRN1.3.pdf |title=Lithuania |access-date=2007-06-18 |last=Fearon |first=James D. |author2=Laitin, David D. |year=2006 |publisher=Stanford University |pages=4 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015092055/http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/LithuaniaRN1.3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1920, after the staged mutiny of [[Żeligowski's Mutiny|Lucjan Żeligowski]], Lithuanian cultural activities in Polish controlled territories were limited and the closure of Lithuanian newspapers and the arrest of their editors occurred.<ref name="Čepėnas">{{cite book |last=Čepėnas |first=Pranas |author-link=Pranas Čepėnas | title=Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija |year=1986 |publisher=Dr. Griniaus fondas |location=Chicago |pages=655, 656}}</ref> 33 Lithuanian and Belarusian cultural activists were formally expelled from Vilnius on 23 January 1922 and deported to Lithuania.<ref name="Čepėnas"/> In 1927, as tensions between Lithuania and Poland increased, 48 additional Lithuanian schools were closed and another 11 Lithuanian activists were deported.<ref name="Żołędowski114">Żołędowski, Cezary (2003). ''Białorusini i Litwini w Polsce, Polacy na Białorusi i Litwie'' (in Polish). Warszawa: ASPRA-JR. {{ISBN|8388766767}}, p. 114.</ref> Following [[Józef Piłsudski|Piłsudski's]] death in 1935, the [[Lithuanian minority in Poland]] again became an object of Polonization policies with greater intensity. 266 Lithuanian schools were closed after 1936 and almost all Lithuanian organizations were banned. Further Polonization ensued as the government encouraged [[Osadnik|settlement of Polish army veterans]] in the disputed regions.<ref name="stanford" /> About 400 Lithuanian reading rooms and libraries were closed in Poland between 1936 and 1938.<ref name="Makowski244">Makowski, Bronisław (1986). ''Litwini w Polsce 1920–1939'' (in Polish). Warszawa: PWN. {{ISBN|83-01-06805-1}}, pp. 244–303.</ref> Following the [[1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania]], Lithuania re-established diplomatic relations with Poland and efforts to Polonize Lithuanians living in Poland decreased somewhat.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=February 2023}}