Editing Prostate (section)

==Other animals==
The prostate is found only in mammals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marker |first1=Paul C |last2=Donjacour |first2=Annemarie A |last3=Dahiya |first3=Rajvir |last4=Cunha |first4=Gerald R |date=January 2003 |title=Hormonal, cellular, and molecular control of prostatic development |journal=Developmental Biology |volume=253 |issue=2 |pages=165–174 |doi=10.1016/s0012-1606(02)00031-3 |pmid=12645922 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The prostate glands of male [[marsupial]]s are proportionally larger than those of [[Placentalia|placental]] mammals.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C |title=Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials |last2=Marilyn Renfree |date=30 January 1987 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33792-2}}</ref> The presence of a functional prostate in [[monotreme]]s is controversial, and if monotremes do possess functional prostates, they may not make the same contribution to semen as in other mammals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Temple-Smith |first1=P |last2=Grant |first2=T |date=2001 |title=Uncertain breeding: a short history of reproduction in monotremes. |journal=Reproduction, Fertility, and Development |volume=13 |issue=7–8 |pages=487–97 |doi=10.1071/rd01110 |pmid=11999298}}</ref>

The structure of the prostate varies, ranging from [[tubuloalveolar]] (as in humans) to [[Branched tubular gland|branched tubular]]. The gland is particularly well developed in [[carnivora]]ns<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Eurell |first1=Jo Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqiXUD__wwIC&dq=prostate&pg=PA250 |title=Dellmann's Textbook of Veterinary Histology |last2=Frappier |first2=Brian L. |date=2013-03-19 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-68582-2 |language=en}}</ref> and boars, though in other mammals, such as bulls, it can be small and inconspicuous.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sherwood |first1=Lauralee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BR8KAAAAQBAJ |title=Animal Physiology: From Genes to Organisms |last2=Klandorf |first2=Hillar |last3=Yancey |first3=Paul |date=January 2012 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=9781133709510 |page=779}}</ref><ref>Nelsen, O. E. (1953) [https://archive.org/stream/comparativeembry00nels/comparativeembry00nels_djvu.txt ''Comparative embryology of the vertebrates''] Blakiston, page 31.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hafez |first1=E. S. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTmQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 |title=Reproduction in Farm Animals |last2=Hafez |first2=B. |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-71028-9 |language=en}}</ref> In other animals, such as marsupials<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vogelnest |first1=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=396VDwAAQBAJ&q=prostate |title=Current Therapy in Medicine of Australian Mammals |last2=Portas |first2=Timothy |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Csiro Publishing |isbn=978-1-4863-0753-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_ifwszrgFsC&q=prostate |title=Australian Mammal Society |date=December 1978 |publisher=Australian Mammal Society |language=en}}</ref> and small [[ruminants]], the prostate is disseminate, meaning not specifically localisable as a distinct tissue, but present throughout the relevant part of the urethra; in other animals, such as [[red deer]] and American [[elk]], it may be present as a specific organ and in a disseminate form.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chenoweth |first1=Peter J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hv6dAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |title=Animal Andrology: Theories and Applications |last2=Lorton |first2=Steven |date=2014 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78064-316-8 |language=en}}</ref> In some marsupial species, the size of the prostate gland changes seasonally.<ref>{{Cite book |last=C. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqtlPZJ9y8EC |title=Life of Marsupials |publisher=Csiro Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-643-06257-3}}</ref> The prostate is the only accessory gland that occurs in male dogs.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=John W. Hermanson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ6BDwAAQBAJ |title=Miller and Evans' Anatomy of the Dog – E-Book |last2=Howard E. Evans |last3=Alexander de Lahunta |date=20 December 2018 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-54602-7}}</ref> Dogs can produce in one hour as much prostatic fluid as a human can in a day. They excrete this fluid along with their urine to [[raised-leg urination|mark their territory]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glover |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEgy1tHA7b0C&pg=PR3%22 |title=Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction |date=2012-07-12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107000018 |page=31}}</ref> Additionally, dogs are the only species apart from humans seen to have a significant incidence of prostate cancer.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinger |first1=Stephen J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Qzau1jagOYC |title=Textbook of veterinary internal medicine : diseases of the dog and the cat |last2=Feldman |first2=Edward C. |date=24 December 2009 |isbn=9781437702828 |edition=7th |location=St. Louis, Mo. |page=2057}}</ref> The prostate is the only male accessory gland that occurs in [[cetaceans]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Debra Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sD3NBQAAQBAJ&dq=prostate&pg=PA131 |title=Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea: Whales, Porpoises and Dolphins |date=2016-04-19 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-4257-7 |language=en}}</ref> consisting of diffuse urethral glands<ref>{{Cite book |last1=William F. Perrin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC |title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals |last2=Bernd Würsig |last3=J.G.M. Thewissen |date=26 February 2009 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-091993-5}}</ref> surrounded by a very powerful compressor muscle.<ref>Rommel, Sentiel A., D. Ann Pabst, and William A. McLellan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sentiel_Rommel/publication/286334625_Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Cetacean_Reproductive_System_with_Comparisons_to_the_Domestic_Dog/links/567295cb08aeb8b21c70cea0.pdf Functional anatomy of the cetacean reproductive system, with comparisons to the domestic dog.]" Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea. Science Publishers (2016): 127–145.</ref>

The prostate gland originates with tissues in the urethral wall.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022|reason=Jerry Coyne also does not cite a source for this claim in his book cited subsequently here}} This means the [[urethra]], a compressible tube used for urination, runs through the middle of the prostate; enlargement of the prostate can constrict the urethra so that urinating becomes slow and painful.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coyne |first=Jerry A. |author-link=Jerry Coyne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bUoIpTQbLYC&q=prostate |title=Why Evolution is True |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780199230846 |page=90}}</ref>

Prostatic secretions vary among species. They are generally composed of simple sugars and are often slightly alkaline.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Alan J. |first1=Wein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OH_OCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1005 |title=Campbell-Walsh Urology |last2=Louis R. |first2=Kavoussi |last3=Alan W. |first3=Partin |last4=Craig A. |first4=Peters |date=23 October 2015 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323263740 |edition=Eleventh |pages=1005–}}</ref> In [[eutheria]]n mammals, these secretions usually contain [[fructose]]. The prostatic secretions of [[marsupial]]s usually contain [[N-Acetylglucosamine]] or [[glycogen]] instead of fructose.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Armati |first1=Patricia J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3S5v971Nk0C&pg=PA86 |title=Marsupials |last2=Dickman |first2=Chris R. |last3=Hume |first3=Ian D. |date=2006-08-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-45742-2 |language=en}}</ref>