Editing Public–private partnership (section)

==Sectors==

===Water services===
[[File:Sign at the entrance of the Regina Wastewater Treatment Plant.jpg|thumb|Sign at the entrance of the Regina Wastewater Treatment Plant]]
After a wave of [[water privatization|privatization of many water services]] in the 1990s, mostly in developing countries, experiences show that global [[water corporation]]s have not brought the promised improvements in [[public water supply|public water]] utilities.<ref name=":5" /> Instead of lower prices, large volumes of investment, and improvements in the connection of the poor to water and sanitation, [[water tariff]]s have increased out of reach of poor households. Water multinationals are withdrawing from developing countries, and the [[World Bank]] is reluctant to provide support.<ref>[http://www.tni.org/article/public-water-services the Water Justice Project] on Transnational Institute</ref>

The privatization of the water services of the city of Paris proved to be unwanted, and at the end of 2009 the city did not renew its contract with two of the French water corporations, [[Suez (company, 1997–2008)|Suez]] and [[Veolia Water|Veolia]].<ref>[http://cupe.ca/privatization/paris-water-public-hands Reversal of privatization of Paris' water]. Cupe.ca (2010-02-25). Retrieved on 2011-11-20.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110503225624/http://www.canadians.org/campaignblog/?p=6480 Deputy Mayor of Paris Anne Le Strat tells how Paris put water services back into public hands]. Canadians.org (2011-02-18). Retrieved on 2011-11-20.</ref> After a year of being controlled by the public, it is projected that the water tariff will be cut by between 5% and 10%.<ref>[http://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2011/2/paris-marks-year-public-water-price-cut.html Water tariff cut]. Globalwaterintel.com (2011-01-13). Retrieved on 2011-11-20.</ref>

In the 2010s, as wastewater treatment plants across [[North America]] came of age and needed to be replaced, multiple cities decided to fund the renewal of their water infrastructure through a public–private partnership.<ref name=":0" /> Among those cities were [[Brandenburg, Kentucky]], which was the "first local government in [[Kentucky]] to execute a public–private partnership under legislation passed in 2016",<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brandenburg's wastewater P3 could be Kentucky's first|url=https://buildingkentucky.com/news/brandenburgs-wastewater-p3-could-be-kentuckys-first/|date=2020-02-25|website=Building Kentucky|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> and [[Regina, Saskatchewan]], which held a [[2013 Regina wastewater plant referendum|referendum on the plant's funding model]]. The P3 option won out."<ref name=":Regina">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/referendum-results-in-p3-model-to-fund-regina-sewage-plant-1.1867423|title=Referendum results in: P3 model to fund Regina sewage plant|date=September 25, 2013|work=CBC News}}</ref>

===Transportation===
[[File:IMG_06141.JPG|thumb|200x200px|The main toll plaza of the [[Virginia State Route 267|Dulles Toll Road]] concession in [[Virginia]], whose price is periodically increasing.]]
Another major sector for P3s is transportation. The P3 Transportation sector can be broadly split into five sectors: airports, ports, roads, railways and urban passenger transport (which includes bus, light rail and heavy rail systems).

Many P3s in the United States have been [[toll road]] concessions.<ref name=":0" /> Transportation projects have accounted for 1/5 of all P3 projects in Canada. Major transportation P3 projects have included the [[Confederation Bridge]] linking [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]], the [[Pocahontas Parkway]] in [[Virginia]], and the [[History of the London Underground#Public–private partnership|London Underground PPP]].

===Health services===
[[File:Anbumani Ramadoss addressing at the inauguration of the Associate Chamber of Commerce & Industry (ASSOCHAM) MeetNational Summit on Public Health Initiatives Public Private Partnership (PPP) Model, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Indian Minister of Health and Family Welfare [[Anbumani Ramadoss]] addressing the inauguration of the Associate Chamber of Commerce & Industry National Summit on Public Health Initiatives and the PPP model, in New Delhi. (2006)]]
For more than two decades, public–private partnerships have been used to finance health infrastructure. In [[Healthcare in Canada|Canada]], they comprise 1/3 of all P3 projects nationwide.<ref name=":0" /> Governments have looked to the PPP model in an attempt to solve larger problems in health care delivery. However, some health-care-related PPPs have been shown to cost significantly more money to develop and maintain than those developed through traditional public procurement.<ref name="Policy Note 2017">{{cite news |last1=Reynolds |first1=Keith |title=The enormous cost of public-private partnerships |url=https://www.policynote.ca/the-enormous-cost-of-public-private-partnerships/ |access-date=28 June 2019 |work=Policy Note |date=3 August 2017 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

A [[health service]]s PPP can be described as a long-term contract (typically 15–30 years) between a public-sector authority and one or more private-sector companies operating as a legal entity. In theory, the agreements entails that the government provides purchasing power and outlines goals for an optimal health system. It then contracts a private enterprise to design, build, maintain, and/or manage the delivery of agreed-upon services over the term of the contract. Finally, the private sector receives payment for its services and assumes additional risk while benefitting from returns on its investments during the operational phase.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Whiteside|first=Heather|date=September 1, 2011|title=Unhealthy policy: The political economy of Canadian public-private partnership hospitals|journal=Health Sociology Review|volume=20|issue=3|pages=258–268|doi=10.5172/hesr.2011.20.3.258|s2cid=143156657|issn=1446-1242}}</ref>

A criticism of P3s for Hospitals in Canada is that they result in an "internal bifurcation of authority". This occurs when the facility is operated and maintained by the private sector while the care services are delivered by the public sector. In those cases, the nursing staff cannot request their colleagues from the maintenance staff to clean something (urine, blood, etc.) or to hang workplace safety signs, even if they are standing next to each other, without the approval of the private managers.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|chapter 4}}

In the UK, P3s were used to build hospitals for the [[National Health Service]]. In 2017 there were 127 [[Private finance initiative#National Health Service (NHS)|PFI schemes in the English NHS]]. The contracts vary greatly in size. Most include the cost of running services such as facilities management, hospital portering and patient food, and these amount to around 40% of the cost. Total repayments will cost around £2.1 billion in 2017 and will reach a peak in 2029.  This is around 2% of the NHS budget.<ref name="nuffieldtrust1">{{cite news|last1=Appleby|first1=John|title=Making sense of PFI|url=https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/resource/making-sense-of-pfi#so-whos-involved-with-these-deals-on-the-private-side-of-pfi|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Nuffield Trust|date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Barlow, J. Roehrich 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Barlow|first1=J. Roehrich|last2=Wright|first2=S.|year=2010|title=De facto privatisation or a renewed role for the EU? Paying for Europe's healthcare infrastructure in a recession|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=103|issue=2|pages=51–55|doi=10.1258/jrsm.2009.090296|pmc=2813788|pmid=20118334}}</ref>

===Forestry sector===
PPP options in the forest sector can include joint forest management [[project]]s between [[government]] agencies, various investors and NGOs. [[USAID]] promotes the use of P3s to assist the exploitation of certified timber and non-timber products in [[Third world countries|Third World countries]] by foreign companies. They claim forestry PPPs are an agent of nature conservation and the sustainable harvesting of commercialized forest products,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Public-Private Partnerships in Forestry |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACY534.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828011809/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACY534.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 August 2006 |website=USAID Forest Program}}</ref> notwithstanding the fact that it was competition from foreign companies that forced local producers to engage in unsustainable harvesting practices in the first place.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) |date=2015-09-01 |title=Public private partnership in forestry management |url=https://www.slideshare.net/CIFOR/public-private-partnership-in-forestry-management|journal=CIFOR}}</ref> Many forestry sector partnerships with NGOs are nothing more than [[greenwashing]] operations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=WWF wins Survival's "Greenwashing of the Year" award |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/11677 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref>