Editing Red panda (section)

== Conservation ==
The red panda is listed in [[CITES Appendix I]] and protected in all range countries; hunting is illegal. It has been listed as [[Endangered species|Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2008 because the global population is estimated at 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend. A large extent of its habitat is part of protected areas.<ref name=iucn/>
{| class="wikitable sortable floatleft mw-collapsible"
|+ {{nowrap|Protected areas in red panda range countries}}
!Country
!Protected areas
|-
|Nepal ||[[Api Nampa Conservation Area]], [[Khaptad National Park]], [[Rara National Park]], [[Annapurna Conservation Area]], [[Manaslu Conservation Area]], [[Langtang National Park]], [[Gaurishankar Conservation Area]], [[Sagarmatha National Park]], [[Makalu Barun National Park]], [[Kanchenjunga Conservation Area]]<ref name=Thapa_al2020/>
|-
|India ||[[Khangchendzonga National Park]], [[Singalila National Park]], [[Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary]], [[Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary]], [[Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary]], [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary]],<ref name=Dalui_al2020/> [[Namdapha National Park]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Datta, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Naniwadekar, R. |author3=Anand, M. O. |year=2008 |title=Occurrence and conservation status of small carnivores in two protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=39 |pages=1–10 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/a4542af18d00ad98aaec5ba17db81fb2?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075842/http://nebula.wsimg.com/a4542af18d00ad98aaec5ba17db81fb2?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Bhutan ||[[Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve]], [[Jigme Dorji National Park]], [[Wangchuck Centennial National Park]], [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park]], [[Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Phrumsengla National Park]], [[Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary]]<ref name=Dorji_al2012/>
|-
|Myanmar ||[[Hkakaborazi National Park]], [[Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary]],<ref name=Lwin_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Lwin, Y. H. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Wang, L. |author3=Li, G. |author4=Maung, K. W. |author5=Swa, K. |author6=Quan, R. C. |year=2021 |title=Diversity, distribution and conservation of large mammals in northern Myanmar |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=29 |page=e01736 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01736 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2901736L }}</ref> [[Imawbum National Park]]<ref name=Lin_al2021/>
|-
|China ||[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon|Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve]] in Tibet,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Li, X. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Bleisch, W. V. |author3=Liu, X. |author4=Jiang, X. |year=2021 |title=Camera-trap surveys reveal high diversity of mammals and pheasants in Medog, Tibet |journal=Oryx |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=177–180 |doi=10.1017/S0030605319001467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Wolong National Nature Reserve]], [[Fengtongzhai National Nature Reserve|Fengtongzhai]] and [[Yele National Nature Reserve]]s, [[Dafengding Nature Reserve]] and [[Giant Panda National Park]] in Sichuan,<ref name="Reid1991"/><ref name=Wei_al2000/><ref name=Zhang_al2006/><ref name=Zhou_al2013/><ref name=Dong_al2021/> [[Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve]] in Yunnan<ref name=Liu_al2021/>
|}
{{clear}}

[[File:Red Panda (25193861686).jpg|thumb|Close-up of a red panda|alt=Red panda standing on a branch]]

A red panda [[anti-poaching]] unit and community-based monitoring have been established in Langtang National Park. Members of Community Forest User Groups also protect and monitor red panda habitats in other parts of Nepal.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Thapa, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Hu, Y. |author3=Wei, F. |year=2018 |title=The endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens''): Ecology and conservation approaches across the entire range |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=220 |pages=112–121 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.014 |url=|doi-access=free |bibcode=2018BCons.220..112T }}</ref> Community outreach programs have been initiated in eastern Nepal using information boards, radio broadcasting and the annual International Red Panda Day in September; several schools endorsed a red panda conservation manual as part of their [[curriculum|curricula]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bista, D. |year=2018 |title=Communities in frontline in Red Panda conservation, eastern Nepal |journal=The Himalayan Naturalist |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=11–12 |url=http://www.fonnepal.org/files/download/3Red%20panda%20conservation_theHimalayanNaturalist_Volume1Issue1May2018.pdf |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128105554/http://www.fonnepal.org/files/download/3Red%20panda%20conservation_theHimalayanNaturalist_Volume1Issue1May2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2010, [[community-based conservation]] programmes have been initiated in 10 districts in Nepal that aim to help villagers reduce their dependence on natural resources through improved herding and food processing practices and alternative income possibilities. The Nepali government ratified a five-year Red Panda Conservation Action Plan in 2019.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sherpa, A. P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lama, S. T. |author3=Shrestah, S. |author4=Williams, B. |author5=Bista, D. |chapter=Red Pandas in Nepal: community-based approach to landscape-level conservation |year=2021 |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=495–508 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00019-3 |s2cid=243829246 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA495 |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327233132/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA495 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2016 to 2019, {{cvt|35|ha}} of high-elevation [[rangeland]] in [[Merak, Bhutan]], was restored and fenced in cooperation with 120 herder families to protect the red panda forest habitat and improve communal land.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Millar, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Tenzing, K. |year=2021 |title=Transforming degraded rangelands and pastoralists' livelihoods in eastern Bhutan |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=D1–D7 |doi=10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00025.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Villagers in Arunachal Pradesh established two [[Indigenous and community conserved area|community conservation areas]] to protect the red panda habitat from disturbance and exploitation of forest resources.<ref name=Chakraborty_al2015/> China has initiated several projects to protect its environment and wildlife, including [[Grain for Green]], The Natural Forest Protection Project and the National Wildlife/Natural Reserve Construction Project. For the last project, the red panda is not listed as a key species for protection but may benefit from the protection of the giant panda and [[golden snub-nosed monkey]], with which it overlaps in range.<ref name=Wei_al2021>{{cite book |author1=Wei, F. |author2=Zhang, Z. |author3=Thapa, A. |author4=Zhijin, L. |author5=Hu, Y. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |chapter=Conservation initiatives in China |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=509–520 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00021-1 |s2cid=243813871}}</ref>

=== In captivity ===
[[File:Red panda eating bamboo at Symbio Wildlife Park.webm|thumb|Red panda at [[Symbio Wildlife Park]]|alt=Video of captive red pandas standing on a tree and eating]]

The [[London Zoo]] received two red pandas in 1869 and 1876, the first of which was caught in [[Darjeeling]]. The [[Calcutta Zoo]] received a live red panda in 1877, the [[Philadelphia Zoo]] in 1906, and [[Artis Zoo|Artis]] and [[Cologne Zoo]]s in 1908. In 1908, the first captive red panda cubs were born in an Indian zoo. In 1940, the [[San Diego Zoo]] imported four red pandas from India that had been caught in Nepal; their first litter was born in 1941. Cubs that were born later were sent to other zoos; by 1969, about 250 red pandas had been exhibited in zoos.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jones, M. L. |year=2021 |chapter=A brief history of the Red Panda in captivity |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=181–199 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00026-0|s2cid=243805749 }}</ref> The [[Taronga Conservation Society]] started keeping red pandas in 1977.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lewis, M. |year=2011 |title=Birth and mother rearing of Nepalese red pandas ''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'' at the Taronga Conservation Society Australia |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=250–258 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00135.x}}</ref>

In 1978, a [[breed registry]], the ''International Red Panda Studbook'', was set up, followed by the Red Panda [[European Endangered Species Programme]] in 1985. Members of international zoos ratified a global master plan for the [[captive breeding]] of the red panda in 1993. By late 2015, 219 red pandas lived in 42 [[List of zoos in Japan|zoos in Japan]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tanaka, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ogura, T. |year=2018 |title=Current husbandry situation of Red Pandas in Japan |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1002/zoo.21407|pmid=29512188 }}</ref> The [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]] participates in the Red Panda [[Species Survival Plan]] and kept about 25 red pandas by 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kumar, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rai, U. |author3=Roka, B. |author4=Jha, A. K. |author5= Reddy, P. A. |year=2016 |title=Genetic assessment of captive red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') population |journal=SpringerPlus |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=1750 |doi=10.1186/s40064-016-3437-1 |pmid=27795893 |pmc=5055525 |doi-access=free}}</ref> By the end of 2019, 182 European zoos kept 407 red pandas.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kappelhof, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Weerman, J. |year=2020 |title=The development of the Red panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' EEP: from a failing captive population to a stable population that provides effective support to in situ conservation |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |issue=1 |volume=54 |pages=102–112 |doi=10.1111/izy.12278 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Regional captive breeding programmes have also been established in North American, Australasian and South African zoos.<ref name="Introduction2022"/>