Editing Shape-memory alloy (section)

=== Industrial ===

==== Aircraft and spacecraft ====
[[Boeing]], [[General Electric Aircraft Engines]], [[Goodrich Corporation]], [[NASA]], [[Texas A&M University]] and [[All Nippon Airways]] developed the Variable Geometry Chevron using a NiTi SMA. Such a variable area fan nozzle (VAFN) design would allow for quieter and more efficient jet engines in the future. In 2005 and 2006, Boeing conducted successful flight testing of this technology.<ref name=Mabe>{{Cite book | doi = 10.1117/12.776816| chapter = Variable area jet nozzle using shape memory alloy actuators in an antagonistic design| title = Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies 2008| volume = 6930| pages = 69300T| year = 2008| last1 = Mabe | first1 = J. H. | last2 = Calkins | first2 = F. T. | last3 = Alkislar | first3 = M. B. | s2cid = 111594060| editor3-first = M. Brett| editor3-last = McMickell| editor2-first = Benjamin K| editor2-last = Henderson| editor1-first = L. Porter| editor1-last = Davis}}</ref>

SMAs are being explored as vibration dampers for launch vehicles and commercial jet engines. The large amount of [[hysteresis]] observed during the superelastic effect allow SMAs to dissipate energy and dampen vibrations. These materials show promise for reducing the high vibration loads on payloads during launch as well as on fan blades in commercial jet engines, allowing for more lightweight and efficient designs.<ref name=Hartl>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1243/09544100jaero211| title = Aerospace applications of shape memory alloys| journal = Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering| volume = 221| issue = 4| pages = 535| year = 2007| last1 = Lagoudas | first1 = D. C. | last2 = Hartl | first2 = D. J. | doi-access = free}}</ref> SMAs also exhibit potential for other high shock applications such as ball bearings and landing gear.<ref name=DellaCorte>DellaCorte, C. (2014) [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20140010477 Novel Super-Elastic Materials for Advanced Bearing Applications].</ref>

There is also strong interest in using SMAs for a variety of actuator applications in commercial jet engines, which would significantly reduce their weight and boost efficiency.<ref name=Webster>{{Cite book | doi = 10.1117/12.669027| chapter = High integrity adaptive SMA components for gas turbine applications| title = Smart Structures and Materials 2006: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies| volume = 6171| pages = 61710F| year = 2006| last1 = Webster | first1 = J. | s2cid = 108583552| editor1-first = Edward V| editor1-last = White}}</ref> Further research needs to be conducted in this area, however, to increase the transformation temperatures and improve the mechanical properties of these materials before they can be successfully implemented. A review of recent advances in high-temperature shape-memory alloys (HTSMAs) is presented by Ma et al.<ref name=Ma />

A variety of wing-morphing technologies are also being explored.<ref name=Hartl />

==== Automotive ====
The first high-volume product (> 5Mio actuators / year) is an automotive valve used to control low pressure [[pneumatic]] bladders in a [[car seat]] that adjust the contour of the lumbar support / bolsters. The overall benefits of SMA over traditionally-used solenoids in this application (lower noise/EMC/weight/form factor/power consumption) were the crucial factor in the decision to replace the old standard technology with SMA.

The 2014 Chevrolet Corvette became the first vehicle to incorporate SMA actuators, which replaced heavier motorized actuators to open and close the hatch vent that releases air from the trunk, making it easier to close. A variety of other applications are also being targeted, including electric generators to generate electricity from exhaust heat and on-demand air dams to optimize aerodynamics at various speeds.

==== Robotics ====
There have also been limited studies on using these materials in [[robotics]], for example the hobbyist robot [[Stiquito]] (and "Roboterfrau Lara"<ref>[http://www.lararobot.de/ The Lara Project – G1 and G2]. Lararobot.de. Retrieved on 2011-12-04.</ref>), as they make it possible to create very lightweight robots. Recently, a prosthetic hand was introduced by Loh et al. that can almost replicate the motions of a human hand [Loh2005]. Other biomimetic applications are also being explored. Weak points of the technology are energy inefficiency, [[#Response time and response symmetry|slow response times]], and large [[hysteresis]].

==== Valves ====
SMAs are also used for actuating [[valves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gesundheitsindustrie-bw.de/en/article/news/ultra-compact-valves-shape-memory-actuators |title = Ultra-compact: valves with shape memory actuators - Healthcare industry| date=24 March 2021 }}</ref> The SMA valves are particularly compact in design.

==== Bio-engineered robotic hand ====
There is some SMA-based prototypes of robotic hand that using shape memory effect (SME) to move fingers.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Duerig|first1=T.W.|title=Wide Hysteresis Shape Memory Alloys|date=1990|work=Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys|pages=130–136|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780750610094|last2=Melton|first2=K.N.|last3=Proft|first3=J.L.|doi=10.1016/b978-0-7506-1009-4.50015-9}}</ref>

==== Civil structures ====
SMAs find a variety of applications in civil structures such as bridges and buildings. In the form of rebars or plates, they can be used for flexural, shear and seismic strengthening of concrete and steel structures. Another application is Intelligent Reinforced Concrete (IRC), which incorporates SMA wires embedded within the concrete. These wires can sense cracks and contract to heal micro-sized cracks. Also the active tuning of structural natural frequency using SMA wires to dampen vibrations is possible, as well as the usage of SMA fibers in concrete.<ref name=Song>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.12.010| title = Applications of shape memory alloys in civil structures| journal = Engineering Structures| volume = 28| issue = 9| pages = 1266| year = 2006| last1 = Song | first1 = G.| last2 = Ma | first2 = N.| last3 = Li | first3 = H. -N. | bibcode = 2006EngSt..28.1266S}}</ref>

==== Piping ====
The first consumer commercial application  was  a [[shape-memory coupling]] for piping, e.g. oil pipe lines, for industrial applications, water pipes and similar types of piping for consumer/commercial applications.