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Structuration theory
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===Technology=== {{see also|Theories of technology}} This theory was adapted and augmented by researchers interested in the relationship between [[technology]] and social structures, such as [[information technology]] in organizations. [[Gerardine DeSanctis|DeSanctis]] and [[Marshall Scott Poole|Poole]] proposed an "adaptive structuration theory" with respect to the emergence and use of group decision support systems. In particular, they chose Giddens' notion of modalities to consider how technology is used with respect to its "spirit". "[[Appropriation (sociology)|Appropriation]]s" are the immediate, visible actions that reveal deeper structuration processes and are enacted with "moves". Appropriations may be faithful or unfaithful, be instrumental and be used with various attitudes.<ref name="DeSanctis and Poole">Desanctis, G. & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: adaptive structuration theory. ''Organization Science, 5''(2):121-147.</ref> [[Wanda Orlikowski]] applied the duality of structure to technology: "The duality of technology identifies prior views of technology as either objective force or as socially constructed product–as a [[false dichotomy]]."<ref name="Orlikowski 1992">Orlikowski, W. J. (1992). The duality of technology: rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. ''Organization Science, 3''(3):398-427. Earlier version at the URI http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/2300</ref>{{rp|13}} She compared this to previous models (the technological imperative, strategic choice, and technology as a trigger) and considered the importance of meaning, power, norms, and interpretive flexibility. Orlikowski later replaced the notion of embedded properties<ref name="DeSanctis and Poole" /> for enactment (use). The "practice lens" shows how people enact structures which shape their use of technology that they employ in their practices.<ref name="Orlikowski 2000">Orlikowski, W. J. (2000). Using technology and constituting structures: a practice lens for studying technology in organizations. ''Organization Science, 11''(4):404-428.</ref> While Orlikowski's work focused on corporations, it is equally applicable to the technology cultures that have emerged in smaller community-based organizations, and can be adapted through the ''gender sensitivity lens'' in approaches to technology governance.<ref name="Stillman 2006">Stillman, L. (2006). (Ph.D Thesis). Understandings of Technology in Community-Based Organisations: A Structurational Analysis. Monash University, Australia. Retrieved from: http://webstylus.net/?q=node/182.</ref> Workman, Ford and Allen rearticulated structuration theory as ''structuration agency theory'' for modeling socio-biologically inspired structuration in [[security software]].<ref name="Workman, Ford, & Allen 2008">Workman, M., Ford, R., & Allen, W. (2008). A structuration agency approach to security policy enforcement in mobile ad hoc networks. ''Information Security Journal, 17'', 267-277.</ref> Software agents join humans to engage in social actions of information exchange, giving and receiving instructions, responding to other agents, and pursuing goals individually or jointly.
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