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Testosterone
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====Romantic relationships==== [[Falling in love]] has been linked with decreases in men's testosterone levels while mixed changes are reported for women's testosterone levels.<ref name="pmid31683520">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sorokowski P, et al. | title = Romantic Love and Reproductive Hormones in Women | journal = Int J Environ Res Public Health| volume = 16 | issue = 21 | date = October 2019 | page = 4224 | pmid = 31683520| doi = 10.3390/ijerph16214224 | pmc = 6861983 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid15177709">{{cite journal | vauthors = Marazziti D, Canale D | s2cid = 24651931 | title = Hormonal changes when falling in love | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 931–36 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15177709 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.08.006 }}</ref> There has been speculation that these changes in testosterone result in the temporary reduction of differences in behavior between the sexes.<ref name="pmid15177709" /> However, the testosterone changes observed do not seem to be maintained as relationships develop over time.<ref name="pmid31683520" /><ref name="pmid15177709" /> Men who produce less testosterone are more likely to be in a relationship<ref name="pmid16621328">{{cite journal | vauthors = van Anders SM, Watson NV | s2cid = 22477678 | title = Relationship status and testosterone in North American heterosexual and non-heterosexual men and women: cross-sectional and longitudinal data | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 715–23 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16621328 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.01.008 | hdl = 2027.42/83924 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> or married,<ref name = "Booth_Dabbs_1993"/> and men who produce more testosterone are more likely to divorce.<ref name = "Booth_Dabbs_1993">{{cite journal | vauthors = Booth A, Dabbs JM|title=Testosterone and Men's Marriages | journal = Social Forces | year = 1993 | volume = 72 | issue = 2 | pages = 463–77 | doi = 10.1093/sf/72.2.463}}</ref> Marriage or commitment could cause a decrease in testosterone levels.<ref name=Mazur_Michalek_1998>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazur A, Michalek J | title = Marriage, Divorce, and Male Testosterone | journal = Social Forces | year = 1998 | volume = 77 | issue = 1 | pages = 315–30 | doi = 10.1093/sf/77.1.315 }}</ref> Single men who have not had relationship experience have lower testosterone levels than single men with experience. It is suggested that these single men with prior experience are in a more competitive state than their non-experienced counterparts.<ref name="pmid26190409">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gray PB, Chapman JF, Burnham TC, McIntyre MH, Lipson SF, Ellison PT | s2cid = 33812118 | title = Human male pair bonding and testosterone | journal = Human Nature | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–31 | date = Jun 2004 | pmid = 26190409 | doi = 10.1007/s12110-004-1016-6 }}</ref> Married men who engage in bond-maintenance activities such as spending the day with their spouse or child have no different testosterone levels compared to times when they do not engage in such activities. Collectively, these results suggest that the presence of competitive activities rather than bond-maintenance activities is more relevant to changes in testosterone levels.<ref name="pmid15219639">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gray PB, Campbell BC, Marlowe FW, Lipson SF, Ellison PT | s2cid = 18107730 | title = Social variables predict between-subject but not day-to-day variation in the testosterone of US men | journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology | volume = 29 | issue = 9 | pages = 1153–62 | date = Oct 2004 | pmid = 15219639 | doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.01.008 }}</ref> Men who produce more testosterone are more likely to engage in extramarital sex.<ref name=Booth_Dabbs_1993/> Testosterone levels do not rely on physical presence of a partner; testosterone levels of men engaging in same-city and long-distance relationships are similar.<ref name="pmid16621328" /> Physical presence may be required for women who are in relationships for the testosterone–partner interaction, where same-city partnered women have lower testosterone levels than long-distance partnered women.<ref name="pmid17196592">{{cite journal | vauthors = van Anders SM, Watson NV | s2cid = 30710035 | title = Testosterone levels in women and men who are single, in long-distance relationships, or same-city relationships | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 286–91 | date = Feb 2007 | pmid = 17196592 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.11.005 | hdl = 2027.42/83915 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
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