Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Two-round system
(section)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
== Usage == The two-round system is the most common way used to elect [[Head of state|heads of state]] (presidents) of countries worldwide, a total of 87 countries elect their heads of state [[Direct election|directly]] with a two-round system as opposed to only 22 countries that used single-round plurality ([[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]).<ref name="idea-system">{{Cite web |title=IDEA Electoral system database |url=https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/electoral-system-design-database |access-date=2024-09-30}}</ref> === Heads of state elected by TRS in direct popular elections === {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algeria]] *{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] *{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]] *{{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]] *{{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]] *{{Flagicon|Benin}} [[Benin]] *{{Flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivia]] ([[Double simultaneous vote]] for the presidential 1st round and legislative elections) *{{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]] *{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]] *{{Flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Burkina Faso]] *{{Flagicon|Burundi}} [[Burundi]] *{{Flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verde]] *{{Flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic]] *{{Flagicon|Chad}} [[Chad]] *{{Flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] *{{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombia]] *{{Flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo]] *{{Flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comoros]] *{{Flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rica]] *{{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]] *{{Flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]] *{{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]] *{{Flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Djibouti]] *{{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic]] *{{Flagicon|East Timor}} [[East Timor]] *{{Flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]] *{{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]] *{{Flagicon|El Salvador}} [[El Salvador]] *{{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]] *{{Flagicon|France}} [[France]] *{{Flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana]] *{{Flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemala]] *{{Flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinea]] *{{Flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissau]] *{{Flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haiti]] *{{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] *{{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]] *{{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Ivory Coast]] *{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan]] *{{Flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenya]] *{{Flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Kyrgyzstan]] *{{Flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberia]] *{{Flagicon|Libya}} [[Libya]] *{{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]] *{{Flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Madagascar]] *{{Flagicon|Malawi}} [[Malawi]] *{{Flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldives]] *{{Flagicon|Mali}} [[Mali]] *{{Flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritania]] *{{Flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldova]] *{{Flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolia]] *{{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]] *{{Flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Mozambique]] *{{Flagicon|Namibia}} [[Namibia]] *{{Flagicon|Niger}} [[Niger]] *{{Flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]] *{{Flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[North Macedonia]] *{{Flagicon|Northern Cyprus}} [[Northern Cyprus]] *{{Flagicon|Palau}} [[Palau]] *{{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Peru]] *{{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]] *{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] *{{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]] *{{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] *{{Flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] *{{Flagicon|Senegal}} [[Senegal]] *{{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbia]] *{{Flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Seychelles]] *{{Flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Sierra Leone]] *{{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]] *{{Flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]] *{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudan]] *{{Flagicon|Syria}} [[Syria]] *{{Flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan]] *{{Flagicon|Togo}} [[Togo]] *{{Flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisia]] *{{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]] *{{Flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmenistan]] *{{Flagicon|Uganda}} [[Uganda]] *{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] *{{Flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay]] ([[Double simultaneous vote]] for the presidential 1st round and legislative elections) *{{Flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistan]] *{{Flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen]] *{{Flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zambia]] *{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwe]] {{div col end}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Togo changes law to let president stand for two more terms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/togo-law-president-stand-terms-190509180859448.html |date=2019-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131222115/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/togo-law-president-stand-terms-190509180859448.html |archive-date=2020-01-31 |url-status=live |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=2020-06-30}}</ref> === Legislative chambers exclusively elected by TRS in single-member districts === {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{Flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Bahrain]] (lower house only) *{{Flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comoros]] (unicameral) *{{Flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo]] (lower house only) *{{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]] (upper house only) *{{Flagicon|France}} [[France]] ([[National Assembly (France)|lower house]] only) *{{Flagicon|Gabon}} [[Gabon]] (both houses; lower house elected directly but upper house elected indirectly) *{{Flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haiti]] (both houses) *{{Flagicon|Mali}} [[Mali]] (unicameral) *{{Flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistan]] (lower house only) {{div col end}} ==== Sub-national legislatures ==== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{Flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia}} [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (United States) (both houses) *{{Flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi]] (United States) (both houses) *{{Flagicon|Montserrat}} [[Montserrat]] (United Kingdom) (unicameral) *{{Flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] (United States) (both houses) *{{Flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana]] (United States) (both houses){{div col end}} === Legislatures elected by TRS in multi-member districts (block voting) === {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]] – modified; 25% required to win in first round (unicameral) *{{Flagicon|Kiribati}} [[Kiribati]] (unicameral) *{{Flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolia]] – modified; 28% required to win in first round (unicameral) *{{Flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam]] (unicameral) {{div col end}} ==== Sub-national legislatures ==== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{Flagicon|French Polynesia}} [[French Polynesia]] (France) – two-round majority bonus system (unicameral) * * {{Flagicon|Italy}} Italy – City councils ([[Majority bonus system]]){{div col end}} === Legislatures partially elected by TRS (mixed systems) === {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]] (both houses; single-member and small multi-member districts, alongside [[party-list proportional representation]] in large multi-member districts) *{{Flagicon|France}} [[France]] (upper house only; indirect elections in single-member and small multi-member districts, alongside [[party-list proportional representation]] in large multi-member districts) *{{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]] (unicameral; single-member districts alongside [[party-list proportional representation]] nationwide) *{{Flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan]] (unicameral; single-member districts alongside [[party-list proportional representation]] nationwide) *{{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]] (until 2010) (unicameral; single-member districts alongside [[party-list proportional representation]] in multi-member districts and compensatory seats nationwide) *{{Flagicon|United States}} [[United States]] – Used in [[Louisiana]] for all elections, in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] for special elections, and [[Jungle primary|variants]] used in [[Alaska]], [[California]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]].{{div col end}} ===Other examples of use=== Two-round voting is used in [[Elections in France|French departmental elections]]. In [[Italy]], it is used to elect mayors, but also to decide which party or coalition receives a [[majority bonus]] in city councils.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buonomo |first=Giampiero |date=2000 |title=Al candidato sindaco non eletto spetta sempre almeno un seggio |url=https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89302579 |url-status=dead |journal=Diritto & Giustizia Edizione Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89302579 |archive-date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2016-03-20 |trans-quote=The usefulness of the link between different political forces in the second ballot is (...) a convergence of interests:}}</ref> Historically it was used to elect the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] in the [[German Empire]] between 1871 and 1918 and the [[Storting]] of Norway from 1905 to 1919, in [[New Zealand]] in the [[1908 New Zealand general election|1908]] and [[1911 New Zealand general election|1911]] elections,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fiva |first1=Jon H. |last2=Hix |first2=Simon |year=2020 |title=Electoral Reform and Strategic Coordination |journal=British Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1017/S0007123419000747 |issn=0007-1234 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=11250/2983501}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fiva |first1=Jon H. |last2=Smith |first2=Daniel M. |date=2017-11-02 |title=Norwegian parliamentary elections, 1906–2013: representation and turnout across four electoral systems |journal=West European Politics |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1373–1391 |doi=10.1080/01402382.2017.1298016 |issn=0140-2382 |s2cid=157213679 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11250/2588036}}</ref> and in [[Israel]] to elect the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] in the [[1996 Israeli general election|1996]], [[1999 Israeli general election|1999]] and [[2001 Israeli prime ministerial election|2001]] elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basic Law – The Government (1992) |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic7_eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180647/http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic7_eng.htm |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date=2020-07-24 |publisher=Knesset of Israel}}</ref>
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)