Editing Typewriter (section)

=== Electric designs ===
Although electric typewriters would not achieve widespread popularity until nearly a century later, the basic groundwork for the electric typewriter was laid by the [[Universal Stock Ticker]], invented by [[Thomas Edison]] in 1870. This device remotely printed letters and numbers on a stream of paper tape from input generated by a specially designed typewriter at the other end of a telegraph line.

==== Early electric models ====
Some electric typewriters were patented in the 19th century, but the first machine known to be produced in series is the Cahill of 1900.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bert Kerschbaumer, "The Cahill Electrical Typewriters," ETCetera No. 100 (December 2012) |url=http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC100.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730133043/http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC100.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-30}}</ref>

Another electric typewriter was produced by the [[Blickensderfer typewriter|Blickensderfer Manufacturing Company]], of [[Stamford, Connecticut]], in 1902. Like the manual Blickensderfer typewriters, it used a cylindrical typewheel rather than individual typebars. The machine was produced in several variants but apparently not a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite web |title=P. Robert Aubert, "The Last Service Call," ETCetera No. 33(December 1995) |url=http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC033.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730133642/http://etconline.org/backissues/ETC033.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-30}}</ref> having come to market ahead of its time, before ubiquitous [[electrification]].

The next step in the development of the electric typewriter came in 1910, when Charles and Howard Krum filed a patent for the first practical [[teleprinter|teletypewriter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Patent 1,286,351 filed in May, 1910, and issued in December, 1918 |url=http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01286351&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D1286351.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F1286351%2526RS%3DPN%2F1286351&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225235913/http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01286351&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D1286351.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F1286351%2526RS%3DPN%2F1286351&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page |archive-date=2016-12-25 |access-date=2011-09-16}}</ref> The Krums' machine, named the Morkrum Printing Telegraph, used a typewheel rather than individual typebars.  This machine was used for the first commercial teletypewriter system on Postal Telegraph Company lines between [[Boston]] and New York City in 1910.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Colin Hempstead, William E. Worthington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wkIlnNjDWcC&pg=PA605 |title=Encyclopedia of 20th Century Technology |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57958-464-1 |page=605}}</ref>

[[James Fields Smathers]] of Kansas City invented what is considered the first practical power-operated typewriter in 1914. In 1920, after returning from Army service, he produced a successful model and in 1923 turned it over to the Northeast Electric Company of Rochester for development. Northeast was interested in finding new markets for their electric motors and developed Smathers's design so that it could be marketed to typewriter manufacturers, and from 1925 Remington Electric typewriters were produced powered by Northeast's motors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-01-23 |title=The history of IBM electric typewriters |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120182250/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_history.html |archive-date=2023-11-20 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=IBM Archives |language=en-US}}</ref>

After some 2,500 electric typewriters had been produced, Northeast asked Remington for a firm contract for the next batch. However, Remington was engaged in merger talks, which would eventually result in the creation of [[Remington Rand]] and no executives were willing to commit to a firm order. Northeast instead decided to enter the typewriter business for itself, and in 1929 produced the first Electromatic Typewriter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Electromatic Typewriter |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1155510 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=National Museum of American History |language=en}}</ref>

In 1928, [[Delco Electronics|Delco]], a division of [[General Motors]], purchased Northeast Electric, and the typewriter business was spun off as Electromatic Typewriters, Inc. In 1933, Electromatic was acquired by [[IBM]], which then spent [[United States dollar|$]]1&nbsp;million on a redesign of the Electromatic Typewriter, launching the IBM Electric Typewriter Model 01.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2003 |title=IBM Electric Typewriter Model 01 |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV2240.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526135454/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV2240.html |archive-date=2013-05-26 |access-date=2013-09-12 |publisher=03.ibm.com}}</ref>

In 1931, an electric typewriter was introduced by Varityper Corporation. It was called the [[Varityper]], because a narrow cylinder-like wheel could be replaced to change the [[typeface]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1931 |title=Changing the Type of Typewriter Made Easy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=-PA83 |url-status=live |journal=[[Popular Mechanics]] |page=83 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626060339/https://books.google.com/books?id=4OIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=-PA83 |archive-date=2018-06-26}}</ref>

In 1941, IBM announced the Electromatic Model 04 electric typewriter, featuring the revolutionary concept of proportional spacing. By assigning varied rather than uniform spacing to different sized characters, the Type 4 recreated the appearance of a typeset page, an effect that was further enhanced by including the 1937 innovation of carbon-film ribbons that produced clearer, sharper words on the page.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2003 |title=IBM Typewriter Milestones |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_milestone.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627172904/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_milestone.html |archive-date=2017-06-27 |publisher=IBM Archives}}</ref>

==== IBM Selectric ====
{{Main|IBM Selectric}}
[[File:Selectric II.jpg|thumb|IBM Selectric II (dual Latin/Hebrew typeball and keyboard)]]
IBM introduced the [[IBM Selectric]] typewriter in 1961, which replaced the typebars with a spherical element (or '''typeball''') slightly smaller than a [[golf ball]], with reverse-image letters molded into its surface. The Selectric used a system of latches, metal tapes, and pulleys driven by an electric motor to rotate the ball into the correct position and then strike it against the ribbon and platen. The typeball moved laterally in front of the paper, instead of the previous designs using a platen-carrying carriage moving the paper across a stationary print position.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-20 |title=A different type of dance move |url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/industries/selectric-typewriter-dancers/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Industrious |language=en-US}}</ref>

Due to the physical similarity, the typeball was sometimes referred to as a "golfball".<ref name="ibm100">{{Cite web |last=IBM |date=7 March 2012 |title=The Selectric Typewriter |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/selectric/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Icons of Progress}}</ref> The typeball design had many advantages, especially the elimination of "jams" (when more than one key was struck at once and the typebars became entangled) and in the ability to change the typeball, allowing multiple typefaces to be used in a single document.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-07 |title=The Selectric Typewriter |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/selectric/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403015050/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/selectric/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2012 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=IBM100}}</ref>

The IBM Selectric became a commercial success, dominating the office typewriter market for at least two decades.<ref name="ibm100" /> IBM also gained an advantage by marketing more heavily to schools than did Remington, with the idea that students who learned to type on a Selectric would later choose IBM typewriters over the competition in the workplace as businesses replaced their old manual models.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Nicholas |date=2011-07-27 |title=IBM Reinvented the Typewriter With the Selectric 50 Years Ago |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/07/ibm-reinvented-the-typewriter-with-the-selectric-50-years-ago/242624/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref>

Later models of IBM Executives and Selectrics replaced inked fabric ribbons with "carbon film" ribbons that had a dry black or colored powder on a clear plastic tape. These could be used only once, but later models used a cartridge that was simple to replace. A side effect of this technology was that the text typed on the machine could be easily read from the used ribbon, raising issues where the machines were used for preparing classified documents (ribbons had to be accounted for to ensure that typists did not carry them from the facility).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellen |first=David |title=Scientific Examination of Documents |publisher=CRC Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8493-3925-7 |pages=106–107}}</ref>

{{anchor|Correcting typewriters}}
A variation known as "Correcting Selectrics" introduced a correction feature, later imitated by competing machines, where a sticky tape in front of the carbon film ribbon could remove the black-powdered image of a typed character, eliminating the need for little bottles of white dab-on correction fluid and for hard erasers that could tear the paper. These machines also introduced selectable "pitch" so that the typewriter could be switched between [[Pica (typography)|pica]] type (10 characters per inch) and elite type (12 per inch), even within one document. Even so, all Selectrics were [[Proportional fonts|monospaced]]—each character and letterspace was allotted the same width on the page, from a capital "W" to a period. IBM did produce a successful typebar-based machine with five levels of proportional spacing, called the [[IBM Executive series typewriter|IBM Executive]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wershler-Henry |first=Darren |url=https://archive.org/details/ironwhim00wers/page/254 |title=The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8014-4586-6 |location=Ithaca and London |page=[https://archive.org/details/ironwhim00wers/page/254 254] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The only fully electromechanical Selectric Typewriter with fully proportional spacing and which used a Selectric type element was the expensive [[IBM Selectric Composer|Selectric Composer]], which was capable of right-margin justification (typing each line twice was required, once to calculate and again to print) and was considered a [[Typesetter|typesetting machine]] rather than a typewriter. Composer typeballs physically resembled those of the Selectric typewriter but were not interchangeable.<ref name="IBM Archives-2003">{{Cite web |date=2003-01-23 |title=IBM Office Products Division highlights |page= 2 |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_office2.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=IBM Archives |language=en-US}}</ref> 
[[File:Sample of IBM Magnetic Card Composer Output.png|thumb|upright=2|Composer output showing [[Roman type|Roman]], [[Emphasis (typography)|Bold]], and [[Italic type]]faces were available by changing the type ball.]]
In addition to its electronic successors, the [[IBM Selectric typewriter#Selectric-based machines with data storage|Magnetic Tape Selectric Composer]] (MT/SC), the Mag Card Selectric Composer, and the Electronic Selectric Composer, IBM also made electronic typewriters with proportional spacing using the Selectric element that were considered typewriters or [[word processor]]s instead of typesetting machines.<ref name="IBM Archives-2003" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-19 |title=IBM MT/ST (1964 – late 1970s) |url=https://obsoletemedia.org/ibm-mtst/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Museum of Obsolete Media}}</ref>

The first of these was the relatively obscure Mag Card Executive, which used 88-character elements. Later, some of the same typestyles used for it were used on the 96-character elements used on the IBM Electronic Typewriter 50 and the later models 65 and 85.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-01-23 |title=IBM typewriter milestones |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_milestone2.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=IBM Archives |page=2}}</ref>

By 1970, as [[offset printing]] began to replace [[letterpress printing]], the Composer would be adapted as the output unit for a [[phototypesetting]] system. The system included a computer-driven input station to capture the key strokes on magnetic tape and insert the operator's format commands, and a Composer unit to read the tape and produce the formatted text for photo reproduction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-18 |title=Quickprint closes after 72 years, presses roll elsewhere |url=https://www.superiortelegram.com/news/quickprint-closes-after-72-years-presses-roll-elsewhere |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Superior Telegram}}</ref>

The [[IBM 2741]] terminal was a popular example of a Selectric-based computer terminal, and similar mechanisms were employed as the console devices for many [[IBM System/360]] computers. These mechanisms used "ruggedized" designs compared to those in standard office typewriters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Selectric Typewriter Resource Page |url=http://www.covingtoninnovations.com/selectric/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.covingtoninnovations.com}}</ref>

==== Later electric models ====
{{Listen
| filename = Smith-Corona Prestige Auto 12 typing.ogg
| title = Smith-Corona Prestige Auto 12 being tapped
| description = A recording of the sound of typing on a Smith-Corona electric typewriter.}}
Some of IBM's advances were later adopted in less expensive machines from competitors. For example, [[Smith Corona|Smith-Corona]] electric typewriters introduced in 1973 switched to interchangeable Coronamatic (SCM-patented) ribbon cartridges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Smith Corona &#124; Since 1877 to Present |url=http://www.smithcorona.com/history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322134218/http://www.smithcorona.com/history.html |archive-date=2017-03-22 |access-date=2017-03-12}}</ref>

==== Electronic typewriters ====
The final major development of the typewriter was the electronic typewriter. Most of these replaced the typeball with a plastic or metal [[daisy wheel]] mechanism (a disk with the letters molded on the outside edge of the "petals"), or a thermal print head. The daisy wheel concept first emerged in printers developed by [[Diablo Systems]] in the 1970s. The first electronic daisywheel typewriter marketed in the world (in 1976) is the Olivetti Tes 501, and subsequently in 1978, the Olivetti ET101 (with function display) and Olivetti TES 401 (with text display and floppy disk for memory storage). This has allowed Olivetti to maintain the world record in the design of electronic typewriters, proposing increasingly advanced and performing models in the following years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Giuseppe Silmo |title=M.P.S. Macchine per scrivere Olivetti e non solo |publisher=Fondazione Natale Capellaro |year=2007 |page=74}}</ref>

Unlike the Selectrics and earlier models, these really were "electronic" and relied on integrated circuits and electromechanical components. These typewriters were sometimes called ''display typewriters'',<ref>{{US patent reference|number = 4620808| y = 1986| m = 11| d = 04| title = Display typewriter}}</ref> ''dedicated word processors'' or ''word-processing typewriters'', although the latter term was also frequently applied to less sophisticated machines that featured only a tiny, sometimes just single-row display. Sophisticated models were also called ''word processors'', although today that term almost always denotes a type of software program. Manufacturers of such machines included Olivetti (TES501, first totally electronic Olivetti word processor with daisywheel and floppy disk in 1976; TES621 in 1979, etc.), [[Brother Industries|Brother]] (Brother WP1 and WP500, etc., where WP stood for word processor), [[Canon Inc.|Canon]] ([[Canon Cat]]), [[Smith-Corona]] (PWP, i.e. Personal Word Processor line)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smith-Corona |url=http://mindmachine.co.uk/products/04_Manuf_Smith-Corona_01.html#PWP-series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528120612/http://mindmachine.co.uk/products/04_Manuf_Smith-Corona_01.html#PWP-series |archive-date=2013-05-28 |access-date=2013-09-12 |publisher=Mindmachine.co.uk}}</ref> and [[Philips]]/[[Magnavox]] ([[VideoWriter]]).
<gallery class="center">
File:Type.jpg|Electronic typewriter – the final stage in typewriter development. A 1989 [[Canon Inc.|Canon]] Typestar 110.
File:Brother WP1-IMG 6991.jpg|The Brother WP1, an electronic typewriter complete with a small screen and a [[floppy disk]] reader
</gallery>