Editing Venetian language (section)

==Spelling systems==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2015}}

=== Modern script (GVIM-DECA) ===
Since December 2017 the Venetian language adopted a modern writing system,<ref>Nowadays, DECA-GVIM writing system is still very criticized by Venetian speakers, therefore neither them nor the Regione Veneto use it.</ref> named '''GVIM''' (acronym for ''Grafia del Veneto Internazionale Moderno'', i.e. ''Writing system for Modern International Venetian'') thanks to the 2010 2nd Regional ''ad hoc'' Commission of the Regione del Veneto. The [[Academia de ła Bona Creansa]] – Academy of the Venetian Language,{{CN|date=February 2025}} an NGO accredited according to the UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Venetian language and culture
<ref>[https://ich.unesco.org/en/accredited-ngos-00331 NGO accreditation of Academia de ła Bona Creansa for the 2003 UNESCO Convention (2022)]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.ichngoforum.org/ngos/academia-de-la-bona-creansa Official profile of the Academia de ła Bona Creansa (Accredited NGO, UNESCO 2003 Convention, 2022), at the "ICH NGO" Forum, collecting all the accredited NGOs]</ref> had already worked, tested, applied and certified a full writing system (presented in a scientific publication in linguistics
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mocellin |first1=Alessandro |last2=Klein |first2=Horst G. |last3=Stegmann |first3=Tilbert D. |title=EuroComRom: I sete tamizi. Ła ciave par capir tute łe łengue romanse |date=2016 |publisher=Shaker Verlag |location=Aachen, DE |isbn=978-3-8440-4535-2 |page=265 |language=Venetian}}</ref> in 2016), known with the '''DECA''' acronym (''Drio El Costumar de l'Academia'', i.e. literally ''According to the Use of the Academia'').

The '''DECA''' writing system has been officialized by the [[Veneto region|Veneto Region]] under the name '''Grafia Veneta Internazionale Moderna''', by unanimous vote of the ''Commissione Grafia e Toponomastica''(i.e. ''Script and Topononymy Committee'' <ref>Established with Regional Government Decree, DGR, n. 287 del 16/02/2010 ([https://bur.regione.veneto.it/BurvServices/Pubblica/DettaglioDgr.aspx?id=222456&highlight=true Full text of the regional bill establishing the Committee, on the Official regional gazette of the Veneto Region)]</ref> of the Venetian language on December 14, 2017, and available at [http://www.linguaveneta.net/lingua-veneta/grafia-veneta-ufficiale/ portal of the Venetian Regional Council dedicated to the Venetian language].
The same writing system was then employed for the first grammar of the Venetian language to be published by a university, in Brasil, in 2018
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mocellin |first1=Alessandro |title=Gramàtega da Scarseła de ła Veneta Łengua & Grafìa Intarnasionałe de'l Veneto Moderno |date=2018 |publisher=UFSM - BR (1st ed.), El Fóntego Editore - IT (2nd ed.)|location=Santa Maria, RS, Brasil |isbn=978-85-9450-041-0|page=124 |edition=1st |language=Venetian}}</ref>

The '''DECA''', then '''GVIM''', had already been used in a trilingual document approved by the ''Veneto Regional Council'' (Aprile 2016) in Italian, Venetian, and English.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Veneto Regional Council |title=SOTTOSCRIZIONE E RICONOSCIMENTO DEL CONSIGLIO REGIONALE VENETO DELLA "DICHIARAZIONE DI BRUXELLES" DEL 9 DICEMBRE 2015 E DEI PRINCIPI IVI AFFERMATI |url=http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/attisp/RIS/Anno_2016/RIS_0014/testo_presentato.html |website=Consiglio Regionale del Veneto |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217163433/http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/attisp/RIS/Anno_2016/RIS_0014/testo_presentato.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |language=Venetian, Italian, English }}</ref>

===Traditional system===
Venetian currently has an [[official script|official writing system]]. Traditionally it is written using the [[Latin script]] — sometimes with certain additional letters or diacritics. The basis for some of these conventions can be traced to Old Venetian, while others are modern innovations.

Medieval texts, written in Old Venetian, include the letters {{angle bracket|x}}, {{angle bracket|ç}} and {{angle bracket|z}} to represent sounds that do not exist or have a different distribution in Italian. Specifically:

* The letter {{angle bracket|x}} was often employed in words that nowadays have a voiced {{IPAslink|z}}-sound (compare English ''xylophone''); for instance {{angle bracket|x}} appears in words such as {{lang|vec|raxon}}, {{lang|vec|Croxe}}, {{lang|vec|caxa}} ("reason", "(holy) Cross" and "house"). The precise phonetic value of {{angle bracket|x}} in Old Venetian texts remains unknown, however.
* The letter {{angle bracket|z}} often appeared in words that nowadays have a varying voiced pronunciation ranging from {{IPAslink|z}} to {{IPAslink|dz}} or {{IPAslink|ð}} or even to {{IPAslink|d}}; even in contemporary spelling {{lang|vec|zo}} "down" may represent any of {{IPA|/zo, dzo, ðo/}} or even {{IPA|/do/}}, depending on the dialect; similarly {{lang|vec|zovena}} "young woman" could be any of {{IPA|/ˈzovena/}}, {{IPA|/ˈdzovena/}} or {{IPA|/ˈðovena/}}, and {{lang|vec|zero}} "zero" could be {{IPA|/ˈzɛro/}}, {{IPA|/ˈdzɛro/}} or {{IPA|/ˈðɛro/}}.
* Likewise, {{angle bracket|ç}} was written for a voiceless sound which now varies, depending on the dialect spoken, from {{IPAslink|s}} to {{IPAslink|ts}} to {{IPAslink|θ}}, as in for example {{lang|vec|dolçe}} "sweet", now {{IPA|/ˈdolse ~ ˈdoltse ~ ˈdolθe/}}, {{lang|vec|dolçeça}} "sweetness", now {{IPA|/dolˈsesa ~ dolˈtsetsa ~ dolˈθeθa/}}, or {{lang|vec|sperança}} "hope", now {{IPA|/speˈransa ~ speˈrantsa ~ speˈranθa/}}.

The usage of letters in medieval and early modern texts was not, however, entirely consistent. In particular, as in other northern Italian languages, the letters {{angle bracket|z}} and {{angle bracket|ç}} were often used interchangeably for both voiced and voiceless sounds. Differences between earlier and modern pronunciation, divergences in pronunciation within the modern Venetian-speaking region, differing attitudes about how closely to model spelling on Italian norms, as well as personal preferences, some of which reflect sub-regional identities, have all hindered the adoption of a single unified spelling system.<ref>Ursini, Flavia (2011). ''Dialetti veneti''. http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-veneti_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)/</ref>

Nevertheless, in practice, most spelling conventions are the same as in Italian. In some early modern texts letter {{angle bracket|x}} becomes limited to word-initial position, as in {{lang|vec|xe}} ("is"), where its use was unavoidable because Italian spelling cannot represent {{IPAslink|z}} there. In between vowels, the distinction between {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}} was ordinarily indicated by doubled {{angle bracket|ss}} for the former and single {{angle bracket|s}} for the latter. For example, {{lang|vec|basa}} was used to represent {{IPA|/ˈbaza/}} ("he/she kisses"), whereas {{lang|vec|bassa}} represented {{IPA|/ˈbasa/}} ("low"). (Before consonants there is no contrast between {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}}, as in Italian, so a single {{angle bracket|s}} is always used in this circumstance, it being understood that the {{angle bracket|s}} will agree in voicing with the following consonant. For example, {{angle bracket|st}} represents only {{IPA|/st/}}, but {{angle bracket|sn}} represents {{IPA|/zn/}}.)

Traditionally the letter {{angle bracket|z}} was ambiguous, having the same values as in Italian (both voiced and voiceless affricates {{IPAslink|dz}} and {{IPAslink|ts}}). Nevertheless, in some books the two pronunciations are sometimes distinguished (in between vowels at least) by using doubled {{angle bracket|zz}} to indicate {{IPAslink|ts}} (or in some dialects {{IPAslink|θ}}) but a single {{angle bracket|z}} for {{IPAslink|dz}} (or {{IPAslink|ð}}, {{IPAslink|d}}).

In more recent practice the use of {{angle bracket|x}} to represent {{IPAslink|z}}, both in word-initial as well as in intervocalic contexts, has become increasingly common, but no entirely uniform convention has emerged for the representation of the voiced vs. voiceless affricates (or interdental fricatives), although a return to using {{angle bracket|ç}} and {{angle bracket|z}} remains an option under consideration.

Regarding the spelling of the vowel sounds, because in Venetian, as in Italian, there is no contrast between tense and lax vowels in unstressed syllables, the orthographic grave and acute accents can be used to mark both stress and vowel quality at the same time: ''à'' {{IPAslink|a}}, ''á'' {{IPAslink|ɐ}}, ''è'' {{IPAslink|ɛ}}, ''é'' {{IPAslink|e}}, ''í'' {{IPAslink|i}}, ''ò'' {{IPAslink|ɔ}}, ''ó'' {{IPAslink|o}}, ''ú'' {{IPAslink|u}}. Different orthographic norms prescribe slightly different rules for when stressed vowels must be written with accents or may be left unmarked, and no single system has been accepted by all speakers.

Venetian allows the [[consonant cluster]] {{IPA|/stʃ/}} (not present in Italian), which is sometimes written {{angle bracket|s-c}} or {{angle bracket|s'c}} before ''i'' or ''e'', and {{angle bracket|s-ci}} or {{angle bracket|s'ci}} before other vowels. Examples include {{lang|vec|s-ciarir}} (Italian {{lang|it|schiarire}}, "to clear up"), {{lang|vec|s-cèt}} ({{lang|it|schietto}}, "plain clear"), {{lang|vec|s-ciòp}} ({{lang|it|schioppo}}, "gun") and {{lang|vec|s-ciao}} ({{lang|it|schiavo}}, "[your] servant", {{lang|it|ciao}}, "hello", "goodbye"). The hyphen or apostrophe is used because the combination {{angle bracket|sc(i)}} is conventionally used for the {{IPAslink|ʃ}} sound, as in Italian spelling; e.g. {{lang|vec|scèmo}} ({{lang|it|scemo}}, "stupid"); whereas {{angle bracket|sc}} before ''a'', ''o'' and ''u'' represents {{IPA|/sk/}}: {{lang|vec|scàtoła}} ({{lang|it|scatola}}, "box"), {{lang|vec|scóndar}} ({{lang|it|nascondere}}, "to hide"), {{lang|vec|scusàr}} ({{lang|it|scusare}}, "to forgive").

===Proposed systems===
Recently there have been attempts to standardize and simplify the script by reusing older letters, e.g. by using {{angle bracket|x}} for {{IPAblink|z}} and a single {{angle bracket|s}} for {{IPAblink|s}}; then one would write {{lang|vec|baxa}} for {{IPA|vec|ˈbaza|}} ("[third person singular] kisses") and {{lang|vec|basa}} for {{IPA|vec|ˈbasa|}} ("low"). Some authors have continued or resumed the use of {{angle bracket|ç}}, but only when the resulting word is not too different from the Italian orthography: in modern Venetian writings, it is then easier to find words as {{lang|vec|çima}} and {{lang|vec|çento}}, rather than {{lang|vec|força}} and {{lang|vec|sperança}}, even though all these four words display the same phonological variation in the position marked by the letter {{angle bracket|ç}}. Another recent convention is to use {{angle bracket|[[L with bar|ƚ]]}} (in place of older {{angle bracket|[[ł]]}} ) for the "soft" ''l'', to allow a more unified orthography for all variants of the language. However, in spite of their theoretical advantages, these proposals have not been very successful outside of academic circles, because of regional variations in pronunciation and incompatibility with existing literature.

More recently, on December 14, 2017, the Modern International Manual of Venetian Spelling was approved by the new Commission for Spelling of 2010. It was translated into three languages (Italian, Venetian and English) and it exemplifies and explains every single letter and every sound of the Venetian language. The graphic accentuation and punctuation systems are added as corollaries. Overall, the system was greatly simplified from previous ones to allow both Italian and foreign speakers to learn and understand the Venetian spelling and alphabet in a more straightforward way.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linguaveneta.net/lingua-veneta/grafia-veneta-ufficiale/|title=Grafia Veneta ufficiale – Lingua Veneta Modern International Manual of Venetian Spelling.|access-date=2019-06-20}}</ref>

The [[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Venetian speakers]] of [[Chipilo]] use a system based on [[Spanish orthography]], even though it does not contain letters for {{IPAblink|j}} and {{IPAblink|θ}}. The American linguist Carolyn McKay proposed a writing system for that variant based entirely on the [[Italian language|Italian]] alphabet. However, the system was not very popular.

=== Orthographies comparison ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|[IPA]]]
! Official (GVIM-DECA)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grafia Veneta ufficiale – Lingua Veneta|url=http://www.linguaveneta.net/lingua-veneta/grafia-veneta-ufficiale/|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>
! classic
!Brunelli
![[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Chipilo]]
![[Talian dialect|Talian]]
!Latin origin <ref>{{Cite web|title=News/Articoli – Lingua Veneta|url=http://www.linguaveneta.net/news-articoli/|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref>
!Examples
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ˈa/}}
| à
| à
|à
|á
|à
|ă {{IPA|/a/}}, ā {{IPA|/aː/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/b/}}
|b
|b
|b
|b, v
|b
|b- {{IPA|/b/}}, bb {{IPA|/bː/}}
|'''b'''ar'''b'''a (beard, uncle) from '''b'''ar'''b'''a
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/k/}}
| + a \ o \ u
|c
|c
|c
|c
|c
|c- {{IPA|/k/}}, cc {{IPA|/kː/}}, tc {{IPA|/tk/}}, xc {{IPA|/ksk/}}
|po'''ch''' (little) from pau'''c'''us
|-
|&nbsp; + i \ e \ y \ ø
|ch
|ch
|ch
|qu
|ch
|ch {{IPA|/kʰ/}}, qu {{IPA|/kʷ/}}
|'''ch'''iete (quiet) from '''qu'''iētem
|-
|(between vowels)
|c(h)
|cc(h)
|c(h)
| c / qu
|c(h)
|cc {{IPA|/kː/}}, ch {{IPA|/kʰ/}}, qu {{IPA|/kʷ/}}
|ta'''c'''üin (notebook) from ta'''cc'''uinum
|-
|/kw/
|
|cu
|qu
|
|cu
|
|qu /kw/
|'''qu'''atro (four) from '''qu'''attuor
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/ts/~/θ/~/s/}}
| + a \ o \ u
| rowspan="3" |ts~th~s
|ç, (z)
| rowspan="3" |ç
| rowspan="3" | -~zh~-
| rowspan="3" | –
|ti {{IPA|/tj/}}, th {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|
|-
| + i \ e \ y \ ø
|c, (z)
|c- {{IPA|/c/}}, cc {{IPA|/cː/}}, ti {{IPA|/tj/}}, th {{IPA|/tʰ/}}, tc {{IPA|/tk/}}, xc {{IPA|/ksk/}}
|
|-
|(between vowels)
|zz
|ti {{IPA|/tj/}}, th {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/s/}}
|(before a vowel)
| rowspan="3" |s
|s
| rowspan="3" |s
| rowspan="3" |s
|s
| rowspan="3" |s- {{IPA|/s/}}, ss {{IPA|/sː/}}, sc {{IPA|/sc/}}, ps {{IPA|/ps/}}, x {{IPA|/ks/}}
|'''s'''upiar (to whistle) from '''s'''ub-flare
|-
|(between vowels)
|ss
|ss
|ca'''s'''a (cash des) from ca'''ps'''a
|-
|(before unvoiced consonant)
|s
|s
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |{{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| + a \ o \ u
|ci
| rowspan="2" |chi
|ci
| rowspan="3" |ch
|ci
| rowspan="4" |cl- {{IPA|/cl/}}, ccl {{IPA|/cːl/}}
|s'''ci'''ào (slave) from s'''cl'''avus
|-
|&nbsp; + i \ e \ y \ ø
|c
|c
|c
|'''ci'''eza (church) from e'''ccl'''ēsia
|-
|(between vowels)
|c(i)
|cchi
|c(i)
|c(i)
|
|-
|(ending of word)
|c'
|cch'
|c'
|ch
|c'
|mo'''c'''' (snot) from *''mu'''cc'''eus''
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/d/}}
|d
|d
|d
| –
|d
|d {{IPA|/d/}}, -t- {{IPA|/t/}}, (g {{IPA|/ɟ/}} , di {{IPA|/dj/}}, z {{IPA|/dz/}})
|ca'''d'''ena (chain) from ca'''t'''ēna
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈɛ/}}
|è
|è
|è
|è
|è
|ĕ {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, ae {{IPA|/ae̯/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈe/}}
|é
|é
|é 
|é 
|é 
|ē {{IPA|/ɛː/}}, ĭ {{IPA|/i/}}, oe {{IPA|/oe̯/}}
|p'''é'''vare (pepper) from p'''i'''per
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/f/}}
| –
| rowspan="2" |f
|f
| rowspan="2" |f
| rowspan="2" |f
| rowspan="2" |f
|f- {{IPA|/f/}}, ff {{IPA|/fː/}}, ph- {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|'''f'''inco (finch) from '''f'''ringilla
|-
|(between vowels)
|ff
|ff {{IPA|/fː/}}, pph {{IPA|/pːʰ/}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| + a \ o \ u
|g
|g
|g
|g
|g
|g {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, -c- {{IPA|/k/}}, ch {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|ru'''g'''a (bean weevil) from brū'''ch'''us
|-
| + i \ e \ y \ ø
|gh
|gh
|gh
|gu
|gh
|gu {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}, ch {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/dz/~/ð/~/z/}}
| + a \ o \ u
| rowspan="2" |dz~dh~z
| rowspan="2" |z
| rowspan="2" |z
| rowspan="2" | -~d~-
| rowspan="2" | –
|z {{IPA|/dz/}}, di {{IPA|/dj/}}
|'''z'''orno from '''di'''urnus
|-
|&nbsp; + i \ e \ y \ ø
|z {{IPA|/dz/}}, g {{IPA|/ɟ/}}, di {{IPA|/dj/}}
|'''g'''en'''g'''iva (gum) from '''g'''in'''g'''iva
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|/z/}}
|(before a vowel)
| rowspan="3" |z
|x
| rowspan="2" |x
| rowspan="2" |z
|z
|?, (z /dz/, g /ɉ/, di /dj/)
|el '''x'''e (he is) from ''ipse est''
|-
|(between vowels)
| rowspan="2" |s
|s
| -c- {{IPA|/c/}} (before e/i), -s- {{IPA|/s/}}, x {{IPA|/ɡz/}}
|pa'''x'''e (peace) from pā'''x''', pā'''c'''is
|-
|(before voiced consonant)
|s
|s
|s
|s- {{IPA|/s/}}, x {{IPA|/ɡz/}}
|'''s'''gorlar (to shake) from e'''x'''-crollare
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/dʒ/}}
| + a \ o \ u
|gi
| rowspan="2" |ghi
|gi
|gi
|j
| rowspan="2" |gl {{IPA|/ɟl/}}, -cl- {{IPA|/cl/}}
|'''gi'''atso (ice) from '''gl'''aciēs
|-
|&nbsp; + i \ e \ y \ ø
|g
|g
|g
|gi
|'''gi'''iro (dormouse) from '''gl'''īris
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/j/~/dʒ/}}
|j~g(i)
|g(i)
|j
| –
|j
|i {{IPA|/j/}}, li {{IPA|/lj/}}
|a'''j'''o / a'''gi'''o (garlic) from ā'''li'''um
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/j/}}
|j, i
|j, i
|i
|y, i
|i
|i {{IPA|/j/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈi/}}
|í
|í
|í
|í
|í
|ī {{IPA|/iː/}}, ȳ {{IPA|/yː/}}
|f'''i'''o (son) from f'''ī'''lius
|-
| colspan="2" | – 
|h
|h
|h
|h
|h
| h {{IPA|/ʰ/}}
|màc'''h'''ina (machine) from māc'''h'''ina
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/l/}}
|l
|l
|l
|l
|l
|l {{IPA|/l/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/e̯/}}{{sfn|Zamboni|1975|pp=13–14, 38}} 
|ł
| l
|ł
| –
| –
|l {{IPA|/l/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/l.j/~/j/~/l.dʒ/}}
|li~j~g(i)
|li
|lj
|ly
|li
|li {{IPA|/li/}}, {{IPA|/lj/}}
|Ta'''li'''a / Ta'''j'''a / Ta'''lgi'''a (Italy) from Itā'''li'''a
|-
|{{IPA|/m/}}
|(before vowels)
|m
|m
|m
|m
|m
|m {{IPA|/m/}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/n/}}
|(before vowels)
|n
|n
|n
|n
|n
|n {{IPA|/n/}}
|
|-
|(at the end of the syllable)
|n' / 'n
| –
|n'
|n'
|n'
|n {{IPA|/n/}}
|do'''n'''' (we go) from *anda'''m'''o
|-
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|(at the end of the syllable)
|n / n-
|m, n
|n
|n
|n
|m {{IPA|/m/}}, n {{IPA|/ɱ~n̪~n~ŋ/}}, g {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|do'''n''' (we went) from anda'''vam'''o
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ŋ.j/~/ŋ.dʒ/}}
|ni~ng(i)
|ni
|n-j
|ny
|n-j
|ni {{IPA|/n.j/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|ǌ
|gn
|gn
|ñ
|gn
|gn {{IPA|/ŋn/}}, ni {{IPA|/nj/}}
|cu'''gn'''à (brother-in-law) from co'''gn'''ātus
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈɔ/}}
|ò
|ò
|ò
|ò
|ò
|ŏ {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈo/}}
|ó
|ó
|ó
|ó
|ó
|ō {{IPA|/ɔː/}},  ŭ {{IPA|/u/}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/p/}}
| –
| rowspan="2" |p
|p
| rowspan="2" |p
| rowspan="2" |p
| rowspan="2" |p
| rowspan="2" |p- {{IPA|/p/}}, pp {{IPA|/pː/}}
|
|-
|(between vowels)
|pp
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/r/}}
|r
|r
|r
|r
|r
|r {{IPA|/r/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/r.j/~/r.dʒ/}}
|ri~rg(i)
|(ri)
|rj
|ry
|rj
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/t/}}
| –
| rowspan="2" |t
|t
| rowspan="2" |t
| rowspan="2" |t
| rowspan="2" |t
| rowspan="2" |t- {{IPA|/t/}}, tt {{IPA|/tː/}}, ct {{IPA|/kt/}}, pt {{IPA|/pt/}}
|sè'''t'''e (seven) from se'''pt'''em
|-
|(between vowels)
|tt
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ˈu/}}
|ú
|ú
|ú
|ú
|ú
|ū {{IPA|/uː/}}
|
|-
|{{IPA|/w/}}
|(after {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} or before o)
|u
|u
|u
|u
|u
|u {{IPA|/w/}}
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/v/}}
|v
|v
|v
|v
|v
|u {{IPA|/w/}}, -b- {{IPA|/b/}}, -f- {{IPA|/f/}}, -p- {{IPA|/p/}}
|
|-
|{{IPA|/ˈɐ/~/ˈʌ/~/ˈɨ/}}
| rowspan="7" |(dialectal)
|â / á
| –
| –
| –
| –
|ē {{IPA|/ɛː/}}, an {{IPA|/ã/}}
|st'''â'''la (star) from st'''ē'''lla
|-
|{{IPA|/ˈø/}}
|(ø)
|(oe)
|(o)
| –
| –
|o {{IPA|/o/}}
|ch'''ø'''r (heart) from Latin c'''o'''r
|-
|{{IPA|/ˈy/}}
|(y / ý)
|(ue)
|(u)
| –
| –
|ū {{IPA|/uː/}}
|sch'''y'''ro (dark) from obsc'''ū'''rus
|-
|{{IPA|/h/}}
|h / fh
| – 
| – 
| – 
| – 
|f {{IPA|/f/}}
|'''h'''èr (iron) from '''f'''errus
|-
|{{IPA|/ʎ/}}
|ǉ
| –
| –
| –
| –
|li {{IPA|/lj/}}
|bata'''ǉ'''a (battle) from ''battā'''li'''a''
|-
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|sj
| –
| (sh)
| –
| –
|s {{IPA|/s/}}
|
|-
|{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|zj
| –
| (xh)
| –
| –
|g {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|'''xj'''al (rooster) from '''g'''allus
|}