Editing Write-in candidate (section)

==Other countries==
With a few exceptions, the practice of recognizing write-in candidates is typically viewed internationally as a tradition in the [[politics of the United States|United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/WolfFiles/story?id=91051&page=1|title=Donald Duck's a Big Bird in Politics|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=ABC News|access-date=April 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/212163.stm |work=BBC News |title=Livingstone threatens write-in campaign |date=November 11, 1998}}</ref>

*A bizarre incident involving a fictitious write-in candidacy occurred in the small town of [[Picoazá]], Ecuador, in 1967. A company ran a series of campaign-themed advertisements for a foot powder called Pulvapies. Some of the slogans used included "Vote for any candidate, but if you want well-being and hygiene, vote for Pulvapies", and "For Mayor: Honorable Pulvapies". The foot powder Pulvapies ended up receiving the most votes in the election.<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1967/07/18/archives/foot-powder-produces-headaches-in-ecuador.html Foot Powder Produces Headaches in Ecuador]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. July 18, 1967. Page 39. Retrieved December 19, 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/politics/ballot/footpowder.asp|title=Foot Powder Ecuador Election Result|author=David Mikkelson|date=December 10, 2009|work=snopes|access-date=April 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>"Foot Powder Wins Election Hands Down." ''[[The Washington Post]]''. July 18, 1967 (p. A13).</ref>
*In Brazil, until the introduction of [[electronic voting]] in 1994, the ballot had no names written for [[legislative]] candidates, so many voters would protest by voting on fictional characters or religious figures. In a famous case, the [[São Paulo Zoo|São Paulo city zoo]] rhinoceros ''[[Cacareco]]'' got around 100,000 votes in the 1959 elections for the [[Municipal Chamber of São Paulo|municipal council]], more than any candidate.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ferreira|first=Neil|title=Cacareco agora é Excelência|url=http://www.memoriaviva.com.br/ocruzeiro/24101959/241059_8.htm|work=O Cruzeiro|access-date=October 20, 2012}}</ref> However, those votes were not considered because Brazilian law stipulates that a candidate must be affiliated to a political party to take office.
* Until 2013,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudouest.fr/2014/03/21/elections-municipales-tout-ce-que-vous-devez-savoir-avant-d-aller-dans-l-isoloir-1499247-6035.php|title=Élections municipales : tout ce que vous devez savoir avant d'aller dans l'isoloir |author=P.-YC |date=March 22, 2014 |work=SudOuest.fr |language=fr |quote=La loi du 17 mai 2013 a instauré plusieurs changements dans le scrutin municipal ... Dans les communes de plus de 1000 habitants ... il y a désormais interdiction de voter pour un candidat non déclaré. ...[D]ans une commune de moins de 1000 habitants, ... il est désormais interdit de voter pour une personne qui n'est pas candidate. |access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref> write-in candidates were permitted at [[municipal elections in France]] for councils of [[Communes of France|commune]]s with a population of less than 2500.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/peut-on-voter-pour-quelqu-un-qui-n-est-pas-candidat-29-02-2008-3296094877.php |language=fr |title=Peut-on voter pour quelqu'un qui n'est pas candidat ?|date=February 29, 2008|work=[[Le Parisien]]|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Elections in Sweden]] are [[open list]], with voters placing into the ballot box an envelope containing their choice of either a ballot preprinted with the name of a registered party or else a blank ballot on which they write the name of a party (registered or unregistered) and optionally that of a candidate.<ref name="Regeringskansliet">{{cite web|url=http://www.erdda.se/datafiles/nordic/elref/1997/Elections_Act_1997.pdf|title=Elections Act 157:1997|publisher=Regeringskansliet|no-pp=y|pages=Chapter 6, sections 3 and 5; Chapter 9, section 12; Chapter 16, section 2, No.3|language=en|access-date=May 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/sep/11/swedish-elections-sweden-votes-2014-key-facts|title=Swedish elections 2014: seven point guide to the key facts|last=Nardelli|first=Alberto|date=September 11, 2014|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|access-date=May 5, 2018}}; {{cite web|url=https://www.val.se/servicelankar/other-languages/english-engelska/the-examination-of-ballot-papers.html|title=The examination of ballot papers -|publisher=[[Valmyndigheten]]|access-date=May 5, 2018|archive-date=May 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506104237/https://www.val.se/servicelankar/other-languages/english-engelska/the-examination-of-ballot-papers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A person must consent to being a candidate listed on a preprinted ballot, but there was no such obligation for write-in names until [[2018 Swedish general election|the 2018 general election]].<ref name="Regeringskansliet"/><ref name="KrimmerVolkamer2017">
{{cite conference |year=2017 |editor1-last=Krimmer |editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Volkamer |editor2-first=Melanie |editor3-last=Binder |editor3-first=Nadja Braun |editor4-last=Kersting |editor4-first=Norbert |editor5-last=Pereira |editor5-first=Olivier |editor6-last=Schürmann |editor6-first=Carsten |last1=Wikström |first1=Douglas |last2=Barrat |first2=Jordi |last3=Heiberg |first3=Sven |last4=Krimmer |first4=Robert |last5=Schürmann |first5=Carsten
 |title=How Could Snowden Attack an Election? |series=LNCS (Lecture notes in computer science) |volume=10615 |pages=280–291 : 290 |issn=0302-9743 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-68687-5_17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdQ5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA290 |isbn=9783319686875 |publisher=Springer |conference=Electronic Voting: Second International Joint Conference, E-Vote-ID 2017, Bregenz, Austria, October 24–27, 2017, Proceedings |access-date=May 8, 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>  In the [[2006 Swedish municipal elections|2006 municipal elections]], the [[Sweden Democrats]] (SD) won seats on several councils where they had no nominee or preprinted ballots; most SD voters wrote the party name but no candidate name. The seats were filled by the name most often written, if any, and left empty if no voter wrote in a name. One example was [[Vårgårda Municipality]], where only 3 of 143 SD voters wrote in names, of which two were for an ineligible non-resident; the winner resigned his seat as he opposed the SD and his sole vote was cast by his father as a joke.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=95&artikel=952463 |title=Sverigedemokrat i Vårgårda tvekar |language=sv |work=[[Sveriges Radio]] |date=September 27, 2006 |access-date=January 15, 2019 }}; {{cite web |last1=O'Mahony |first1=Paul |title=Dad's practical joke turns trucker into politician |url=https://www.thelocal.se/20060928/5052 |website=[[The Local]] |language=en |access-date=January 15, 2019 |date=September 28, 2006}}</ref> [[2010 Swedish municipal elections|In 2010]] one Jimmy Åkesson was elected to [[Staffanstorp Municipality]] council after a single SD voter wrote his name. The voter apparently intended SD leader [[Jimmie Åkesson]], not resident in Staffanstorp.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nyheter24.se/nyheter/politik/729889-jimmy-akesson-kan-tvingas-representera-sd|title=Jimmy Åkesson kan tvingas representera SD|last=Adolfsson|first=Viktor|date=October 25, 2012|work=Nyheter24|language=sv|access-date=May 5, 2018}}</ref>
* In [[elections in Austria]], writing on a ballot paper does not invalidate a vote provided the voter's preference is clear. In the [[1990 Austrian legislative election|1990 legislative election]] the unpopular [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|SPÖ]], worried that voters would not select it on the [[Party-list proportional representation|party-list]] ballot, advised them to write in the name of [[Franz Vranitzky]], its popular leader. Such ballots would be interpreted as SPÖ votes.<ref name="Höbelt2003">{{cite book|last=Höbelt|first=Lothar|title=Defiant Populist: Jörg Haider and the Politics of Austria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrsgaVfsUKAC&pg=PA68|access-date=May 11, 2018|year=2003|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=9781557532305|page=68}}</ref>
* In many [[Germany|German]] [[States of Germany|federal states]], it is possible to write people on the ballot paper by hand in municipal council elections or mayoral elections if only one person is running or if the number of candidates is lower than the number of seats in the municipal council (″Einzelvorschlag″).