Editing Atomic force microscopy (section)

===Biological applications and other===
[[Force spectroscopy]] is used in [[biophysics]] to measure the mechanical properties of living material (such as tissue or cells)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Radmacher|first=M.|title=Measuring the elastic properties of biological samples with the AFM|journal=IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag|year=1997|volume=16|issue=2|pages=47–57|doi=10.1109/51.582176|pmid=9086372}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Perkins|first1=Thomas|title=Atomic force microscopy measures properties of proteins and protein folding|url=http://spie.org/newsroom/technical-articles/videos/perkins-video-x116732|publisher=SPIE Newsroom|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Single-cell unroofing: probing topology and nanomechanics of native membranes|doi=10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.09.019|pmid=30273580|year=2018|last1=Galvanetto|first1=Nicola|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes|volume=1860|issue=12|pages=2532–2538|arxiv=1810.01643|s2cid=52897823}}</ref> or detect structures of different stiffness buried into the bulk of the sample using the stiffness tomography.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Charles | last1=Roduit | last2=Sekatski | first2=Serguei | last3=Dietler | first3=Giovanni | last4=Catsicas | first4=Stefan | last5=Lafont | first5=Frank | last6=Kasas | first6=Sandor | title= Stiffness Tomography by Atomic Force Microscopy | journal=Biophysical Journal | volume=97 | issue=2 | date=2009 | pages=674–677 | doi=10.1016/j.bpj.2009.05.010| pmid=19619482 | pmc=2711326 | bibcode=2009BpJ....97..674R }}</ref> Another application was to measure the interaction forces between from one hand a material stuck on the tip of the cantilever, and from another hand the surface of particles either free or occupied by the same material. From the adhesion force distribution curve, a mean value of the forces has been derived. It allowed to make a cartography of the surface of the particles, covered or not by the material.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=G.|author2=Y. Ouabbas|author3=P. Grosseau |author4=M. Baron |author5=A. Chamayou |author6=L. Galet|title=Modeling the mean interaction forces between power particles. Application to silice gel-magnesium stearate mixtures|journal=Applied Surface Science|year=2009|volume=255|issue=17|pages=7500–7507|doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.03.099|bibcode = 2009ApSS..255.7500T |citeseerx=10.1.1.591.1899|s2cid=39028440 }}</ref> AFM has also been used for mechanically unfolding proteins.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1997|author1=Rief, M |author2=Gautel, M |author3=Oesterhelt, F |author4=Fernandez, J M |author5=Gaub, H E |title = Reversible Unfolding of Individual Titin Immunoglobulin Domains by AFM |journal= Science |volume=276|issue=5315|pages=1109–1112|doi = 10.1126/science.276.5315.1109 |pmid=9148804 }}</ref> In such experiments, the analyzes of the mean unfolding forces with the appropriate model<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Petrosyan | first1 = R. | year = 2020 | title = Unfolding force definition and the unified model for the mean unfolding force dependence on the loading rate | journal = J. Stat. Mech. | volume = 2020 | number = 33201 | page = 033201 | doi = 10.1088/1742-5468/ab6a05 | arxiv = 1904.03925 | bibcode = 2020JSMTE..03.3201P | doi-access = free }}</ref> leads to the obtainment of the information about the unfolding rate and free energy profile parameters of the protein.