Editing Bengali language movement (section)

==Aftermath==
[[File:Rally on 21Feb1954 Abdul Hamid and Bangabandhu.jpg|thumb|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (centre) and [[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani|Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]] (left) marching barefoot to pay tribute at [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] (Martyrs' monument) in Dhaka on 21 February 1954.]]
[[File:21feb1956 Shaheed Minar Dhaka.png|thumb|Maulana Bhashani after the foundation stone laying program for Shaheed Minar by Abul Barkat's family members on 21 February 1956.]]
The ''Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod'', with support from the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami Muslim League]], decided to commemorate 21 February as ''Shohid Dibosh''. On the first anniversary of the protests, people across East Bengal wore black badges in solidarity with the victims. Most offices, banks and educational institutions were closed to observe the occasion. Student groups made agreements with college and police officials to preserve law and order. More than 100,000 people assembled at a public meeting held in Dhaka, where community leaders called for the immediate release of Maulana Bhashani and other political prisoners.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> However, Pakistani politicians such as [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]] aggravated sectional tensions by declaring that anyone who wanted Bengali to become an official language would be considered an "enemy of the state". Bengali students and civilians disobeyed the restrictions to celebrate the anniversary of the protests. Demonstrations broke out on the night of 21 February 1954 with various halls of the University of Dhaka raising black flags in mourning.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=594–609}}</ref>

===United Front in 1954===
Political tensions came to a held as elections to the provincial assembly of East Bengal were held in 1954. The ruling Muslim League denounced the opposition [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] coalition, which—led by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] and the Awami League—wanted greater provincial autonomy. Several United Front leaders and activists were arrested.<ref name="Helal601603">{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=600–603}}</ref> A meeting of parliament's Muslim League members, chaired by prime minister [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]], resolved to give official recognition to Bengali. This decision was followed by a major wave of unrest as other ethnic groups sought recognition of other regional languages. Proponents of Urdu such as [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]] condemned any proposal to grant official status to Bengali. He led a rally of 100,000 people to protest against the Muslim League's decision.<ref name="Pakspace">{{cite web| url = http://www.therepublicofrumi.com/chronicle/1954.htm| title = UF elections victory| work = Chronicles of Pakistan| access-date = 11 December 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118214900/http://www.therepublicofrumi.com/chronicle/1954.htm| archive-date = 18 January 2012}}</ref> Consequently, the implementation failed and the United Front won a vast majority of seats in the legislative assembly, while the representation of the Muslim League was reduced to a historic low.<ref name="UStudies" /><ref name="Pakspace" />

The [[Third Huq ministry|First United Front ministry]] ordered the creation of the [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] to promote, develop, and preserve Bengali language, literature, and heritage.<ref name="Banglapedia2">{{cite book |last=Al Helal |first=Bashir |year=2012 |chapter=Bangla Academy |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Academy |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> However, the United Front rule was temporary, as [[Governor General of Pakistan|Governor General]] [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]] cancelled the government and started Governor's rule on 30 May 1954.<ref name="Helal601603" /> The United Front again formed the ministry on 6 June 1955 after the governor's regime ended. The Awami League did not participate in this ministry though.<ref name="bashir608613">{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=608–613}}</ref>

Following the return of the United Front to power, the anniversary on 21 February 1956 was observed for the first time in a peaceful atmosphere. The Government supported a major project to construct a new Shaheed Minar. The session of the constituent assembly was stopped for five minutes to express condolence for the students slain in the police shootings. Major rallies were organised by Bengali leaders and all public offices and businesses remained closed.<ref name="bashir608613" /><ref>{{cite news
 | title =Gambhirjopurno Poribeshay Shaheed Dibosh Utjapon
 | work =Weekly Notun Khobor
 | language =bn
 | date =26 February 1956}}</ref>

===Constitutional status as a state language===
[[File:Emblem of Pakistan (1954-1972).svg|thumb|[[State emblem of Pakistan]] was adopted with Bengali translation of the national motto [[Faith, Unity, Discipline]].]]
With the defeat of the Muslim League in the East Bengal assembly elections, the central government became flexible in recognising Bengali as the state language of Pakistan along with Urdu. At least a few thousand people protested in the National Assembly on April 22 against the decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAKISTANIS IN RIOT ON LANGUAGE ISSUE|date=23 April 1954|newspaper=New York Times}} {{ProQuest|113105078}}</ref>

On 7 May 1954, the constituent assembly resolved, with the Muslim League's support, to grant official status to Bengali.<ref name="Pakspace" /> Bengali was adopted as an official language of Pakistan along with Urdu in the article 214(1) when the first [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|constitution of Pakistan]] was enacted on 29 February 1956.<ref name="bashir608613" /> [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]] raised the language related clauses of the constitution in Parliament. According to the clauses, Bengali language was given equal recognition as state language like Urdu. In Parliament and the Legislative Assembly, besides Urdu and English, there was an opportunity to speak in Bengali. The constitution also provided opportunities for higher education in Bengali.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAKISTANIS MAKE BENGALI OFFICIAL: East Zone Tongue Is Raised to Status Equal to Urdu, the Western Language|first=John|last=Callahan|date=8 May 1954|newspaper=New York Times}} {{ProQuest|112939727}}</ref>

However, the military government formed by [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] made attempts to re-establish Urdu as the sole national language. On 6 January 1959, the military regime issued an official statement and reinstated the official stance of supporting the 1956 constitution's policy of two state languages.<ref name="lambert">{{cite journal
|last = Lambert |first = Richard D.
|title = Factors in Bengali Regionalism in Pakistan |journal = Far Eastern Survey |publisher= Institute of Pacific Relations |volume = 28
|issue = 4 |date=April 1959 |issn = 0362-8949 | pages =49–58
|doi = 10.2307/3024111
|jstor = 3024111}}</ref>

=== Standard Bengali Movement ===
The Bengali language movement and the banning of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s works by the central government of Pakistan led to a movement by the intellectuals of Dhaka that led to an increase in the use of [[West Bengali dialect|Central Standard Bengali]] in the city in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/dhaka-360/2017/11/15/565707|script-title=bn:ঢাকার ভাষা, ঢাকাইয়া ভাষা, নাকি অন্য ভাষা|trans-title=The language of Dhaka, the language of Dhaka, or another language|language=bn|first=Abul Hasan|last=Rubel|date=15 November 2017|access-date=28 September 2022|newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]]}}</ref>

===Independence of Bangladesh===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}
[[File:Shaheed Minar 1963.png|thumb|The second Shaheed Minar (martyrs' monument) completed in 1963]]
Although the question of official languages was settled by 1956, the military regime of Ayub Khan promoted the interests of [[West Pakistan]] at the expense of [[East Pakistan]]. Despite forming the majority of the national population, the East Pakistani population continued to be under-represented in the civil and military services, and received a minority of state funding and other government help. Due to regional economic, social, and political imbalances, sectional divisions grew,<ref>{{Harvnb|Uddin|2006|pp=120, 126}}</ref> and the Bengali ethnic nationalist Awami League invoked the [[Six point movement|6-point movement]] for greater provincial autonomy. One demand was that East Pakistan be called ''Bangladesh'' (Land/Country of Bengal), which subsequently led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="B2g" /><ref name="JSToldenburg" />