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Bird migration
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===Climate change=== {{Main|Climate change and birds}} [[File:Saalfeld 2021 bird phenology.png|thumb|Differences in an Arctic shorebird species' phenology between a normal year and a hotter year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saalfeld |first1=Sarah T. |last2=Hill |first2=Brooke L. |last3=Hunter |first3=Christine M. |last4=Frost |first4=Charles J. |last5=Lanctot |first5=Richard B. |date=2021-07-27 |title=Warming Arctic summers unlikely to increase productivity of shorebirds through renesting |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=15277 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-94788-z |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=8316457 |pmid=34315998|bibcode=2021NatSR..1115277S }}</ref>]] Large scale [[global warming|climatic changes]] are expected to have an effect on the timing of migration. Studies have shown a variety of effects including timing changes in migration,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Orellana |first1=J.M. |last2=Bautista |first2=L.M. |last3=Merchán |first3=D. |last4=Causapé |first4=J. |last5=Alonso |first5=J.C. |year=2020 |title=Shifts in crane migration phenology associated with climate change in southwestern Europe |journal=Avian Conservation and Ecology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.5751/ACE-01565-150116 |url=https://www.ace-eco.org/vol15/iss1/art16/ACE-ECO-2020-1565.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref> breeding<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jenni L. |author2=Kery M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Timing of autumn bird migration under climate change: advances in long-distance migrants, delays in short-distance migrants |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=270 |issue=1523 |pages=1467–1471 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2003.2394 |pmid=12965011 |pmc=1691393}}</ref> as well as population declines.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature04539 |issn=0028-0836 |volume=441 |issue=7089 |pages=81–83 |last=Both |first=Christiaan |author2=Sandra Bouwhuis |author3=C. M. Lessells |author4=Marcel E. Visser |title=Climate change and population declines in a long-distance migratory bird |journal=Nature |date=2006-05-04 |pmid=16672969 |bibcode=2006Natur.441...81B |s2cid=4414217 |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6695676/2006NatureBoth.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Wormworth, J. |author2=Mallon, K. |year=2006 |title=Bird Species and Climate Change: The Global Status Report version 1.0. |publisher=WWF |url=http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/climate_change/problems/impacts/species/cc_and_birds/index.cfm}}</ref> Bird migration is generally synchronised to take advantage of seasonal resources. For example, there is a strong link between seasonal migration and vegetation greenness in North America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=La Sorte |first1=Frank A. |last2=Graham |first2=Catherine H. |date=26 October 2020 |editor-last=Chapman |editor-first=Jason |title=Phenological synchronization of seasonal bird migration with vegetation greenness across dietary guilds |url=https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2656.13345 |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |language=en |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=343–355 |doi=10.1111/1365-2656.13345 |pmid=33107060 |issn=0021-8790}}</ref> Climate-induced shifts in the [[phenology]] of seasonal resource availability can cause mismatches between the timing of increased resource availability and important life-history events such as migration and breeding (aka [[phenological mismatch]] or phenological asynchrony).<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=Ellen P. |last2=La Sorte |first2=Frank A. |last3=Mays |first3=Jonathan D. |last4=Taillie |first4=Paul J. |last5=Robinson |first5=Orin J. |last6=Ansley |first6=Robert J. |last7=O’Connell |first7=Timothy J. |last8=Davis |first8=Craig A. |last9=Loss |first9=Scott R. |date=2024-03-19 |title=Decoupling of bird migration from the changing phenology of spring green-up |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |language=en |volume=121 |issue=12 |pages=e2308433121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2308433121 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=10963019 |pmid=38437528|bibcode=2024PNAS..12108433R }}</ref> These mismatches between the timing of resource availability and when organisms need additional resources may impact species’ [[Fitness (biology)|fitness]], as described by the [[Match/mismatch|match-mismatch hypothesis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cushing |first=D. H. |title=Marine Ecology and Fisheries |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521205018 |location=Oxford |language=en}}</ref> In birds, individuals may use local temperature as a cue for migration. Changing temperature patterns due to climate change can result in [[population]]-level shifts in migration phenology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burnside |first1=Robert J. |last2=Salliss |first2=Daniel |last3=Collar |first3=Nigel J. |last4=Dolman |first4=Paul M. |date=2021-07-13 |title=Birds use individually consistent temperature cues to time their migration departure |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=28 |pages=e2026378118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026378118 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8285904 |pmid=34260383|bibcode=2021PNAS..11826378B }}</ref> Such shifts in the timing of migration of hundreds of species are already detectable at the continental scale.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Horton |first1=Kyle G. |last2=La Sorte |first2=Frank A. |last3=Sheldon |first3=Daniel |last4=Lin |first4=Tsung-Yu |last5=Winner |first5=Kevin |last6=Bernstein |first6=Garrett |last7=Maji |first7=Subhransu |last8=Hochachka |first8=Wesley M. |last9=Farnsworth |first9=Andrew |date=16 December 2019 |title=Phenology of nocturnal avian migration has shifted at the continental scale |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0648-9 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=63–68 |doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0648-9 |bibcode=2019NatCC..10...63H |issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription }}</ref> While phenological mismatches appear to be more pronounced in long-distance migrants,<ref name=":03" /> certain species traits such as a [[Generalist and specialist species|generalist diet]] may help some species avoid more severe consequences of mismatches.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mallord |first1=John W. |last2=Orsman |first2=Christopher J. |last3=Cristinacce |first3=Andrew |last4=Stowe |first4=Tim J. |last5=Charman |first5=Elisabeth C. |last6=Gregory |first6=Richard D. |date=31 October 2016 |title=Diet flexibility in a declining long-distance migrant may allow it to escape the consequences of phenological mismatch with its caterpillar food supply |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ibi.12437 |journal=Ibis |language=en |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=76–90 |doi=10.1111/ibi.12437 |issn=0019-1019}}</ref>
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