Editing Botulinum toxin (section)

===Chronic pain===

[[William J. Binder]] reported in 2000 that people who had cosmetic injections around the face reported relief from chronic headaches.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Binder WJ, Brin MF, Blitzer A, Schoenrock LD, Pogoda JM |title = Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for treatment of migraine headaches: an open-label study |journal = Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |volume = 123 |issue = 6 |pages = 669–676 |date = December 2000 |pmid = 11112955 |doi = 10.1067/mhn.2000.110960 |s2cid = 24406607 }}</ref> This was initially thought to be an indirect effect of reduced muscle tension; however, the toxin is now known to inhibit the release of peripheral nociceptive neurotransmitters, thereby suppressing the central pain processing systems responsible for [[migraine]] headaches.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Jackson JL, Kuriyama A, Hayashino Y |title = Botulinum toxin A for prophylactic treatment of migraine and tension headaches in adults: a meta-analysis |journal = JAMA |volume = 307 |issue = 16 |pages = 1736–1745 |date = April 2012 |pmid = 22535858 |doi = 10.1001/jama.2012.505 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Ramachandran R, Yaksh TL |title = Therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in migraine: mechanisms of action |journal = British Journal of Pharmacology |volume = 171 |issue = 18 |pages = 4177–4192 |date = September 2014 |pmid = 24819339 |pmc = 4241086 |doi = 10.1111/bph.12763 }}</ref>