Editing Class action (section)

=== Chile ===
Chile approved class actions in 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barroilhet|first=Agustin|date=2012-01-30|title=Class Actions in Chile|ssrn=1995906|location=Rochester, New York|volume=18 |journal=Law & Business Review of the Americas |issue=275}}</ref> The Chilean model is technically an opt-out issue class action, followed by a compensatory stage which can be collective or individual. This means that the class action is designed to declare the defendant generally liable with {{lang|la|[[erga omnes]]}} effects if and only if the defendant is found liable, and the [[declaratory judgment]] can be used then to pursue damages in the same procedure or in individual ones in different jurisdictions. If the latter is the case, the liability cannot be discussed, but only the damages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalclassactions.stanford.edu/content/class-actions-chile-update|title=Class Actions in Chile: Update |website=Global Class Actions Exchange|access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref> There under the Chilean procedural rules, one particular case works as an opt-out class action for damages. This is the case when defendants can identify and compensate consumers directly, i.e. because it is their banking institution. In such cases, the judge can skip the compensatory stage and order redress directly. Since 2005 more than 100 cases have been filed, mostly by {{lang|es|Servicio Nacional del Consumidor}} [SERNAC], the Chilean [[consumer protection]] agency. Salient cases have been ''Condecus v. BancoEstado''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/bancoestado-devolvera-us12-millones-a-clientes-por-cobro-de-comisiones-en-cuentas-de-ahorro/|title=BancoEstado devolverá US$12 millones a clientes por cobro de comisiones en cuentas de ahorro |newspaper=La Tercera|language=es-ES|access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref> and ''SERNAC v. La Polar''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barroilhet|first=Agustin|chapter=Self-interested gatekeeping? Clashes between public and private enforcers in two Chilean class actions |title=Class Actions in Context|url=http://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781783470433.00027.xml|pages=362–384|doi=10.4337/9781783470440.00027|isbn=9781783470440|publisher=Edward Elgar |date=2016-05-27}}</ref>