Editing Cognitive neuroscience (section)

===Combining neuroscience and cognitive science===
Before the 1980s, interaction between neuroscience and cognitive science was scarce.<ref name="petemandik.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.petemandik.com/philosophy/papers/brookmadik.com.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120082225/http://www.petemandik.com/philosophy/papers/brookmadik.com.pdf | archive-date=20 January 2022 | title=The Philosophy of Neuroscience }}</ref> Cognitive neuroscience began to integrate the newly laid theoretical ground in cognitive science, that emerged between the 1950s and 1960s, with approaches in experimental psychology, neuropsychology and neuroscience. (Neuroscience was not established as a unified discipline until 1971<ref>Society for Neuroscience. Date of the first meeting of the Society for Neuroscience</ref>). In the late 1970s, neuroscientist Michael S. Gazzaniga and cognitive psychologist George A. Miller were said to have first coined the term "cognitive neuroscience."<ref>{{cite web |title=About CNS |url=https://www.cogneurosociety.org/background/ |website=Cognitive Neuroscience Society |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> In the very late 20th century new technologies evolved that are now the mainstay of the methodology of cognitive neuroscience, including [[Transcranial magnetic stimulation|TMS]] (1985) and [[fMRI]] (1991). Earlier methods used in cognitive neuroscience include [[EEG]] (human EEG 1920) and [[Magnetoencephalography|MEG]] (1968). Occasionally cognitive neuroscientists utilize other brain imaging methods such as [[Positron emission tomography|PET]] and [[SPECT]]. An upcoming technique in neuroscience is [[Near infrared spectroscopy|NIRS]] which uses light absorption to calculate changes in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin in cortical areas. In some animals [[Single-unit recording]] can be used. Other methods include [[microneurography]], facial [[Electromyography|EMG]], and [[eye tracking]]. [[Integrative neuroscience]] attempts to consolidate data in databases, and form unified descriptive models from various fields and scales: biology, psychology, anatomy, and clinical practice.<ref name="boundless.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.boundless.com/psychology/history-psychology/origin-psychology/growth-of-psychology-as-a-science--31/ |title=Growth of Psychology as a Science - Origin of Psychology |website=www.boundless.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628193855/https://www.boundless.com/psychology/history-psychology/origin-psychology/growth-of-psychology-as-a-science--31/ |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Image:ARTMAP.png|thumb|ARTMAP overview]]
{{Main| Adaptive resonance theory}}
'''Adaptive resonance theory''' ('''ART''') is a cognitive neuroscience theory developed by [[Gail Carpenter]] and [[Stephen Grossberg]] in the late 1970s on aspects of how the brain [[information processing theory|processes information]]. It describes a number of [[artificial neural network]] models which use [[supervised learning|supervised]] and [[unsupervised learning]] methods, and address problems such as [[pattern recognition]] and prediction.<ref name="ARTMAP">Carpenter, G.A.; Grossberg, S.; & Reynolds, J.H. (1991), [http://cns.bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/CarGroRey1991NN.pdf ARTMAP: Supervised real-time learning and classification of nonstationary data by a self-organizing neural network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519091848/http://cns.bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/CarGroRey1991NN.pdf |date=2006-05-19 }}, ''Neural Networks'', 4, 565-588</ref>

In 2014, [[Stanislas Dehaene]], [[Giacomo Rizzolatti]] and [[Trevor Robbins]], were awarded the [[Grete Lundbeck European Brain Research Prize|Brain Prize]] "for their pioneering research on higher brain mechanisms underpinning such complex human functions as literacy, numeracy, motivated behaviour and social cognition, and for their efforts to understand cognitive and behavioural disorders".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebrainprize.org/flx/prize_winners/prize_winners_2014|title=The Brain Prize|access-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905233429/http://www.thebrainprize.org/flx/prize_winners/prize_winners_2014/|archive-date=2015-09-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Brenda Milner]], [[Marcus Raichle]] and [[John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)|John O'Keefe]] received the [[Kavli Prize]] in Neuroscience "for the discovery of specialized brain networks for memory and cognition"<ref name="Kavli">{{Cite web | url=http://www.kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/prizes/2014-kavli-prize-laureates-neuroscience | title=2014 Kavli Prize Laureates in Neuroscience| date=2014-05-30}}</ref> and O'Keefe shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in the same year with [[May-Britt Moser]] and [[Edvard Moser]] "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain".<ref name="nobelmedicine">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Wolfram Schultz]], [[Peter Dayan]] and [[Ray Dolan (scientist)|Ray Dolan]] were awarded the Brain Prize "for their multidisciplinary analysis of brain mechanisms that link learning to reward, which has far-reaching implications for the understanding of human behaviour, including disorders of decision-making in conditions such as gambling, drug addiction, compulsive behaviour and schizophrenia".,<ref name="2017BBC">{{cite news|last1=Gallager|first1=James|title=Scientists win prize for brain research|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-39183178|access-date=6 March 2017|work=BBC|date=6 March 2017}}</ref>