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Consonant mutation
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==== Central Vanuatu ==== Initial consonant mutation occurs in many [[Central Vanuatu languages]] like [[Raga language|Raga]]: : ''nan '''v'''ano'' "I went" : ''nam '''b'''ano'' "I go" Those patterns of mutations probably arose when a nasal prefix, indicating the [[realis mood]], became combined with the verb's initial consonant.<ref>Crowley T, 1991. Parallel Development and Shared Innovation: Some Developments in Central Vanuatu Inflectional Morphology. ''Oceanic Linguistics'', Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 179-222</ref> The possible ancestral pattern of mutation and its descendants in some modern Central Vanuatu languages are shown below: {| class="wikitable" !Proto-Central Vanuatu !*k > *ŋk !*r > *nr !*p > *mp |- | Raga (Pentecost) | x > ŋg | t > d | v / vw > b / bw |- | Northern Apma (Pentecost) | k > ŋg | t > d | v / w > b / bw |- | Southern Apma (Pentecost) | | | v / w > b / bw |- | Ske (Pentecost) | | z > d | v / vw > b / bw |- | Lonwolwol (Ambrym) | | r > rV | ∅ > bV |- | Southeast Ambrym | x / h / ∅ > g | t > d | v / h > b |- | Northern Paama | ∅ > k | t > r | |- | Central/Southern Paama | k / ∅ > g / ŋ | t / r > d | |- | Nāti (Malekula) | k / ʔ > ŋk | t / r > nt / ntr | v / w > mp / mpw |- | Maii (Epi) | | t > d | v > b |- | Lewo (Epi) | | | v / w > p / pw |- | Lamenu (Epi) | | | ∅ > p |- | Bierebo (Epi) | k > ŋk | t / c > nd / nj | v / w > p / pw |- | Baki (Epi) | | c > s | v > mb |- | Bieria (Epi) | | t > nd | v > mb |- | Nakanamanga (Efaté-Shepherds) | k > ŋ | r > t | v / w > p / pw |- | Namakir (Shepherds) | k > ŋ | t / r > d | v / w > b |}
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