Editing Desegregation busing (section)

== Effects ==
Busing integrated school age ethnic minorities with the larger community.{{Clarify|reason=Integrated how, and with what larger community?|date=August 2017}}  The ''[[Milliken v. Bradley]]'' Supreme Court decision that busing children across districts is unconstitutional limited the extent of busing to within metropolitan areas.  This decision made suburbs attractive to those who wished to evade busing.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYfJCx4uoYAC&pg=PA16 |title=The Color of Politics: Racism in the American Political Arena Today |last=Danielson |first=Chris |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4408-0276-8 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref>

Some metropolitan areas in which land values and property-tax structures were less favorable to relocation saw significant declines in enrollment of whites in public schools as white parents chose to enroll their children in private schools. Currently, most segregation occurs across school districts as large cities have moved significantly toward racial balance among their schools.<ref>Rivkin, Steven G., and Finis Welch. 2006. "Has school desegregation improved academic and economic outcomes for blacks?" In ''Handbook of the Economics of Education'', edited by Eric A. Hanushek and Finis Welch. Amsterdam: North Holland: 1019–1049.</ref>

Recent research by [[Eric Hanushek]], John Kain, and Steven Rivkin has shown that the level of achievement by black students is adversely affected by higher concentrations of black students in their schools.<ref>[[Eric Hanushek|Eric A. Hanushek]], John F. Kain, and Steve G. Rivkin. 2009. "New evidence about ''Brown v. Board of Education'': The complex effects of school racial composition on achievement", ''Journal of Labor Economics'', 27, no. 3 (July): 349–383.</ref> Additionally, the impact of racial concentration appears to be greatest for high-achieving black students.<ref>[[Eric Hanushek|Eric A. Hanushek]], and Steven G. Rivkin. 2009. "Harming the best:  How schools affect the black-white achievement gap", ''Journal of Policy Analysis and Management'' 28, no. 3 (Summer): 366–393.</ref>