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Dialect continuum
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===Arabic=== [[Arabic]] is a standard case of [[diglossia]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Adolf|last=Wahrmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yUYAAAAYAAJ|title=Praktisches Handbuch der neu-arabischen Sprache ...|publisher=J. Ricker|year=1898|edition=3|volume=1-2 of Praktisches Handbuch der neu-arabischen Sprache|access-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> The standard written language, [[Modern Standard Arabic]], is based on the [[Classical Arabic]] of the [[Qur'an]], while the [[Varieties of Arabic|modern vernacular dialects]] (or languages) branched from ancient Arabic dialects, from North Western [[Africa]] through [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], and the [[Fertile Crescent]] to the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Iraq]]. The dialects use different analogues from the Arabic language inventory and have been influenced by different substrate and superstrate languages. Adjacent dialects are mutually understandable to a large extent, but those from distant regions are more difficult to be understood.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaye|first1=Alan S.|title=The Semitic Languages|last2=Rosenhouse|first2=Judith|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-05767-7|editor-last=Hetzron|editor-first=Robert|pages=263β311|chapter=Arabic Dialects and Maltese}}</ref> The difference between the written standard and the vernaculars is apparent also in the written language, and children have to be taught Modern Standard Arabic in school to be able to read it.
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