Editing Dnipro (section)

==== Dissent and youth rebellion ====
[[File:Gorny 1972.jpg|thumb|Dnipropetrovsk's [[Dnipro Polytechnic|Mining Institute]], 1972.]]
In 1959 17.4% of Dnipropetrovsk students were taught in Ukrainian language schools and 82.6% in Russian language schools. 58% of the city's inhabitants self-identified as Ukrainians.<ref name="2019standardlevel"/> Compared with the other 3 biggest [[cities of Ukraine]] Dnipropetrovsk had a rather large share of education conducted in Ukrainian. In [[Kyiv]] 26.8% of pupils studied in Ukrainian and 73.1% in Russian while 66% of Kyiv residents considered themselves Ukrainian, in [[Kharkiv]] these numbers were 4.9%, 95.1% and 49%. In [[Odesa]] these numbers were 8.1%, 91.9% and 40%.<ref name="2019standardlevel">{{in lang|uk}} [https://uahistory.co/pidruchniki/strykevich-ukraine-history-11-class-2019-standard-level/12.php History of Ukraine. Standard level. Grade 11. Strukevich § 9. The state of culture during the period of de-Stalinization], History | Your library (2009–2022)</ref>{{#tag:ref|At the start of the 2018–2019 academic year, there were 31 Russian-speaking secondary schools left in the whole of [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]].<ref name="babelua37188"/> At the time the conversion of these 31 schools to Ukrainian language education was planned to be completed by 2023.<ref name="babelua37188">{{in lang|uk}} [https://babel.ua/news/37188-v-ukrajini-mayzhe-200-rosiyskomovnih-serednih-shkil-do-2023-roku-jih-mayut-perevesti-na-ukrajinsku-movu-vikladannya There are almost 200 Russian-speaking secondary schools in Ukraine. By 2023, they should be translated into the Ukrainian language of instruction], {{ill|Babel.ua|uk|Бабель (інтернет-видання)}} (22 October 2019)</ref>|group=nb}}

As in the overall [[Ukrainian SSR]], Dnipropetrovsk saw an influx of young immigrants from rural Ukraine.<ref name="Krawchenko9780333442845"/> [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] saw the highest inflow of rural youth of all Ukraine.<ref name="Krawchenko9780333442845">{{Cite book|last=Krawchenko|first=Bohdan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVSwCwAAQBAJ&dq=highest+1960+Dnipropetrovsk&pg=PA186|title=Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine|date=1985|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-333-44284-5|location=London|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-09548-3|page=186}}</ref>

According to [[KGB]] reports, in the 1960s "[[Samizdat]]" and [[Ukrainian diaspora]] publications began to circulate via [[Western Ukraine]] in Dnipropetrovsk. These fed into underground student circles where they promoted interest in the "[[Sixtiers#Ukrainian Sixtiers|Ukrainian Sixtiers]]", in [[Ukrainian history]], especially of [[Ukrainian Cossack]]s, and in the revival of the [[Ukrainian language]]. Occasionally the [[Flag of Ukraine|blue and yellow flag]] of independent Ukraine was unfurled in protest.<ref name="9781440835032Kuzio2">{{Cite book |last1=Kuzio |first1=Taras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqXACQAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PA34 |title=Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism |date=23 June 2015 |isbn=9781440835032 |page=34|publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> The authorities responded with repression: arresting and jailing members of underground discussion groups for "nationalistic propaganda".<ref name="22Kamusella">{{Cite book |last1=Kamusella |first1=Tomasz |title=[[Nationalisms Across the Globe]] (volume 1) |date=2009 |isbn=978-3-03911-883-0 |page=237|publisher=Peter Lang }}</ref>

The growing evidence of dissent in the city coincided from the late 1960s with what the KGB referred to as "radio hooliganism". Thousands of high-school and college students had become [[ham radio]] enthusiasts, recording and rebroadcasting [[Pop music in Ukraine|western popular music]]. Annual KGB reports regularly drew a connection between enthusiasm for western pop culture and anti-Soviet behaviour.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klumbytė |first1=Neringa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |last2=Sharafutdinova |first2=Gulnaz |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-7583-5 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> In the 1980s, by which time the KGB had conceded that their raids against "hippies" had failed suppress the youth rebellion,<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2022B22">{{cite book |author1=Neringa Klumbyte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC&dq=closed+city+1959+Dnipropetrovsk&pg=PA68 |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2 |page=70/71}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In one of these cases in 1979, because the [[Jews in Ukraine|local Dnipropetrovsk perpetrator was Jewish]], a KGB report linked [[Ukrainian nationalism]] with Jewish [[Zionism]] "by promoting [[dance music]]".<ref name=Bloom97815013453642/> In this case the (according to the KGB employee "American") band the [[Bee Gees]].<ref name="Bloom97815013453642" />|group=nb}} such behaviour was reportedly found in an admixture of Anglo-American" [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[punk rock]] and [[Banderite|Banderism]]—the veneration of [[Stepan Bandera]], and of other Ukrainian nationalists, who in the Soviet narrative were denounced and discredited as [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|Nazi]] collaborators.<ref name="Zhuk978103208012322">{{Cite book |last=Zhuk |first=Sergei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYdjEAAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PT183 |title=KGB Operations against the USA and Canada in Soviet Ukraine, 1953–1991 |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781032080123 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref>

In an attempt to provide Dnipropetrovsk youth with an ideologically safe alternative, beginning in 1976 the local [[Komsomol]] set up approved [[discoteque|discotheque]]s. Some of the activists involved in this "disco movement" went on in the 1980s to engage in their own illicit tourist and music enterprises, and several later became influential figures in Ukrainian national politics, among them [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], [[Victor Pinchuk]], [[Serhiy Tihipko]], [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]] and [[Oleksandr Turchynov]].<ref name="Bloom97815013453642">[https://books.google.com/books?id=avjCDwAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PA318 The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music and Social Class], ed. Ian Peddie, New York / London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020, {{ISBN|9781501345364}}, page 318 + 319</ref>