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Electron ionization
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=== Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry === FT- ICR EI - MS can be used for analysis of three [[vacuum gas oil]] (VGO) [[Fraction (chemistry)|distillation fractions]] in 295-319 °C, 319-456 °C and 456-543 °C. In this method, EI at 10 eV allows soft ionization of aromatic compounds in the vacuum gas oil range. The compositional variations at the molecular level were determined from the elemental composition assignment. Ultra-high resolving power, small sample size, high reproducibility and mass accuracy (<0.4ppm) are the special features in this method. The major product was aromatic hydrocarbons in all three samples. In addition, many [[sulfur]]-, [[nitrogen]]-, and [[oxygen]]-containing compounds were directly observed when the concentration of this heteroatomic species increased with the [[boiling point]]. Using data analysis it gave the information about compound types ([[Aromaticity|rings]] plus [[double bond]]s), their carbon number distributions for hydrocarbon and heteroatomic compounds in the distillation fractions, increasing average molecular weight (or carbon number distribution) and aromaticity with increasing boiling temperature of the [[petroleum]] fractions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fu|first1=Jinmei|last2=Kim|first2=Sunghwan|last3=Rodgers|first3=Ryan P.|last4=Hendrickson|first4=Christopher L.|last5=Marshall|first5=Alan G.|last6=Qian|first6=Kuangnan|date=2006-02-08|title=Nonpolar Compositional Analysis of Vacuum Gas Oil Distillation Fractions by Electron Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry|journal=Energy & Fuels|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=661–667|doi=10.1021/ef0503515}}</ref>
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