Editing Forensic science (section)

== Subdivisions ==
[[Image:US Army CID agents at crime scene.jpg|thumb|Agents of the [[United States Army Criminal Investigation Division]] investigate a crime scene.]]
[[Image:England-forensic2.jpg|thumb|Police forensic investigation in [[Ashton-under-Lyne]], England, using a tent to protect the crime scene]]
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* [[Art forensics]] concerns the art authentication cases to help research the work's authenticity. Art authentication methods are used to detect and identify forgery, faking and copying of art works, e.g. paintings.
* [[Bloodstain pattern analysis]] is the scientific examination of blood spatter patterns found at a crime scene to reconstruct the events of the crime.
* Comparative forensics is the application of visual comparison techniques to verify similarity of physical evidence. This includes fingerprint analysis, toolmark analysis, and ballistic analysis.
* [[Computational forensics]] concerns the development of algorithms and software to assist forensic examination.
* [[Crime lab|Criminalistics]] is the application of various sciences to answer questions relating to examination and comparison of [[forensic genetics|biological evidence]], [[trace evidence]], impression evidence (such as [[fingerprint]]s, [[Forensic footwear evidence|footwear impressions]], and [[Forensic tire tread evidence|tire tracks]]), [[controlled substance]]s, ballistics, firearm and toolmark examination, and other evidence in criminal investigations. In typical circumstances, evidence is processed in a crime lab.
* [[Digital forensics]] is the application of proven scientific methods and techniques in order to recover data from electronic / digital media. Digital Forensic specialists work in the field as well as in the lab.
* [[Ear print analysis]] is used as a means of forensic identification intended as an identification tool similar to fingerprinting. An earprint is a two-dimensional reproduction of the parts of the outer ear that have touched a specific surface (most commonly the helix, antihelix, tragus and antitragus).
* [[Election forensics]] is the use of statistics to determine if election results are normal or abnormal. It is also used to look into and detect the cases concerning gerrymandering.
* [[Forensic accounting]] is the study and interpretation of accounting evidence, financial statement namely: Balance sheet, Income statement, Cash flow statement.
* Forensic aerial photography is the study and interpretation of aerial photographic evidence.
* [[Forensic anthropology]] is the application of [[physical anthropology]] in a legal setting, usually for the [[Forensic facial reconstruction|recovery and identification]] of [[skeletonization (forensics)|skeletonized]] human remains.
* [[Forensic archaeology]] is the application of a combination of [[archaeological]] techniques and forensic science, typically in law enforcement.
* [[Forensic astronomy]] uses methods from [[astronomy]] to determine past celestial constellations for forensic purposes.
* [[Forensic botany]] is the study of plant life in order to gain information regarding possible crimes.
* [[Forensic chemistry]] is the study of detection and identification of [[illicit drugs]], accelerants used in [[arson]] cases, explosive and [[gunshot residue]].
* [[Fingerprint|Forensic dactyloscopy]] is the study of [[fingerprint]]s.
* Forensic document examination or [[questioned document examination]] answers questions about a disputed document using a variety of scientific processes and methods. Many examinations involve a comparison of the questioned document, or components of the document, with a set of known standards. The most common type of examination involves handwriting, whereby the examiner tries to address concerns about potential authorship.
* [[DNA profiling|Forensic DNA analysis]] takes advantage of the uniqueness of an individual's DNA to answer forensic questions such as [[DNA paternity testing|paternity/maternity testing]] and placing a suspect at a crime scene, e.g. in a [[rape investigation]].
* [[Forensic engineering]] is the scientific examination and analysis of structures and products relating to their failure or cause of damage.
* [[Forensic entomology]] deals with the examination of [[insects]] in, on and around human remains to assist in determination of time or location of death. It is also possible to determine if the body was moved after death using entomology.
* [[Forensic geology]] deals with [[trace evidence]] in the form of soils, minerals and petroleum.
* Forensic geomorphology is the study of the ground surface to look for potential location(s) of buried object(s).<ref>{{cite journal|year=2014 |last1=Ruffell |first1=A |last2=McKinley |first2=J |title=Forensic geomorphology |volume=206 |pages=14–22| journal=Geomorphology |url=http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/15818973/Forensic_geomorphology_V3jmk_1_.pdf |bibcode=2014Geomo.206...14R |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.020 |s2cid=248914146 }}</ref>
* [[Forensic geophysics]] is the application of geophysical techniques such as radar for detecting objects hidden underground<ref>{{cite journal|year=2012 |last1=Pringle |first1=JK |last2=Ruffell |first2=A |last3=Jervis |first3=JR |last4=Donnelly |first4=L |last5=McKinley |first5=J |last6=Hansen |first6=J |last7=Morgan |first7=R |last8=Pirrie |first8=D |last9=Harrison |first9=M |title=The use of geoscience methods for terrestrial forensic searches |volume=114 |issue=1–2 |pages=108–123 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews|url=http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/788/ |bibcode=2012ESRv..114..108P |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.05.006 }}</ref> or underwater.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.scijus.2009.09.001 |year=2010 |last1=Parker |first1=R |last2=Ruffell |first2=A |last3=Hughes |first3=D |last4=Pringle |first4=JK |title=Geophysics and the search of freshwater bodies: A review |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=141–149|journal=Science & Justice|pmid=20709275 }}</ref>
* Forensic intelligence process starts with the collection of data and ends with the integration of results within into the analysis of crimes under investigation.<ref>p.611 Jahankhani, Hamid; Watson, David Lilburn; Me, Gianluigi ''Handbook of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics'' World Scientific, 2009</ref>
* Forensic interviews are conducted using the science of professionally using expertise to conduct a variety of investigative interviews with victims, witnesses, suspects or other sources to determine the facts regarding suspicions, allegations or specific incidents in either public or private sector settings.
* Forensic histopathology is the application of histological techniques and examination to forensic pathology practice.
* [[Forensic limnology]] is the analysis of evidence collected from crime scenes in or around fresh-water sources. Examination of biological organisms, in particular [[diatom]]s, can be useful in connecting suspects with victims.
* [[Forensic linguistics]] deals with issues in the legal system that requires linguistic expertise.
* [[Forensic meteorology]] is a site-specific analysis of past weather conditions for a point of loss.
* [[Forensic metrology]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vosk |first1=Ted |title=Forensic metrology: scientific measurement and inference for lawyers, judges, and criminalists |last2=Emery |first2=Ashkey F. |publisher=CRC PRESS |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-367-77847-7 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ferrero |first1=Alessandro |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-14619-0 |title=Forensic Metrology: An Introduction to the Fundamentals of Metrology for Judges, Lawyers and Forensic Scientists |last2=Scotti |first2=Veronica |date=2022 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-14618-3 |series=Research for Development |location=Cham |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-14619-0|s2cid=253041903 }}</ref> is the application of metrology to assess the reliability of scientific evidence obtained through measurements
* Forensic microbiology is the study of the [[necrobiome]].
* [[Forensic nursing]] is the application of [[Nursing]] sciences to abusive crimes, like child abuse, or sexual abuse. Categorization of wounds and traumas, collection of bodily fluids and emotional support are some of the duties of forensic nurses.
* [[Forensic odontology]] is the study of the uniqueness of dentition, better known as the study of teeth.
* Forensic optometry is the study of glasses and other eyewear relating to crime scenes and criminal investigations.
* [[Forensic pathology]] is a field in which the principles of [[medicine]] and [[pathology]] are applied to determine a cause of death or injury in the context of a legal inquiry.
* [[Forensic podiatry]] is an application of the study of feet [[footprint]] or footwear and their traces to analyze scene of crime and to establish personal identity in forensic examinations.
* [[Forensic psychiatry]] is a specialized branch of [[psychiatry]] as applied to and based on scientific [[criminology]].
* [[Forensic psychology]] is the study of the mind of an individual, using forensic methods. Usually it determines the circumstances behind a criminal's behavior.
* [[Forensic seismology]] is the study of techniques to distinguish the seismic signals generated by underground nuclear explosions from those generated by earthquakes.
* [[Forensic serology]] is the study of the body fluids.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forensic-medecine.info/forensic-serology.html |title=Forensic serology |publisher=Forensic-medecine.info |access-date=2010-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506005516/http://www.forensic-medecine.info/forensic-serology.html |archive-date=6 May 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Forensic social work]] is the specialist study of [[social work]] theories and their applications to a clinical, criminal justice or [[psychiatric]] setting. Practitioners of forensic social work connected with the [[criminal justice system]] are often termed Social Supervisors, whilst the remaining use the interchangeable titles [[forensic social worker]], [[approved mental health professional]] or forensic practitioner and they conduct specialist assessments of risk, care planning and act as an officer of the court.
* [[Forensic toxicology]] is the study of the effect of [[Hard and soft drugs|drugs]] and [[poison]]s on/in the human body.
* [[Forensic video analysis]] is the scientific examination, comparison and evaluation of video in legal matters.
* [[Mobile device forensics]] is the scientific examination and evaluation of evidence found in mobile phones, e.g. Call History and Deleted SMS, and includes SIM Card Forensics.
* [[Trace evidence]] analysis is the analysis and comparison of trace evidence including glass, paint, fibres and hair (e.g., using [[micro-spectrophotometry]]).
* [[Wildlife forensic science]] applies a range of scientific disciplines to legal cases involving non-human biological evidence, to solve crimes such as poaching, [[animal abuse]], and trade in endangered species.