Editing Galaxy formation and evolution (section)

====Cosmic rays====

Cosmic rays play a significant role in the interstellar medium by contributing to its pressure,<ref name="Cox2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Cox | first1 = Donald P. | title = The Three-Phase Interstellar Medium Revisited | journal = Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics | date = 1 September 2005 | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 337–385 | issn = 0066-4146 | eissn = 1545-4282 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150615 | pmid = | bibcode = 2005ARA&A..43..337C | url = }}</ref> serving as a crucial heating channel,<ref name="WolfireHollenbachMcKee1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Wolfire | first1 = M. G. | last2 = Hollenbach | first2 = D. | last3 = McKee | first3 = C. F. | last4 = Tielens | first4 = A. G. G. M. | last5 = Bakes | first5 = E. L. O. | title = The neutral atomic phases of the interstellar medium | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | date = April 1995 | volume = 443 | page = 152 | issn = 0004-637X | eissn = 1538-4357 | doi = 10.1086/175510 | pmid = | bibcode = 1995ApJ...443..152W | url = }}</ref> and potentially driving galactic gas outflows.<ref name="BoothAgertzKravtsov2013">{{cite journal | last1 = Booth | first1 = C. M. | last2 = Agertz | first2 = Oscar | last3 = Kravtsov | first3 = Andrey V. | last4 = Gnedin | first4 = Nickolay Y. | title = Simulations of Disk Galaxies with Cosmic Ray Driven Galactic Winds | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | date = 18 October 2013 | volume = 777 | issue = 1 | page = L16 | issn = 2041-8205 | eissn = 2041-8213 | doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/777/1/L16 | pmid = | url = | arxiv = 1308.4974 | bibcode = 2013ApJ...777L..16B | s2cid = 59518603 }}</ref> The propagation of cosmic rays is highly affected by magnetic fields. So in the simulation, equations describing the cosmic ray energy and flux are coupled to [[magnetohydrodynamics]] equations.<ref name="ThomasPfrommer2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = T | last2 = Pfrommer | first2 = C | title = Cosmic-ray hydrodynamics: Alfvén-wave regulated transport of cosmic rays | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | date = 25 January 2019 | volume = 485 | issue = 3 | pages = 2977–3008 | issn = 0035-8711 | eissn = 1365-2966 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/stz263 | doi-access = free | pmid = | url = | arxiv = 1805.11092 }}</ref>