Editing General circulation model (section)

==History==
{{See also|Numerical weather prediction#History}}

In 1956, [[Norman A. Phillips|Norman Phillips]] developed a mathematical model that could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the [[troposphere]]. It became the first successful climate model.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Norman A. |date=April 1956 |title=The general circulation of the atmosphere: a numerical experiment |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=82 |issue=352 |pages=123–154 |bibcode=1956QJRMS..82..123P |doi=10.1002/qj.49708235202}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Cox, John D. |url=https://archive.org/details/stormwatcherstur00cox_df1/page/210 |title=Storm Watchers |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-471-38108-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/stormwatcherstur00cox_df1/page/210 210] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Following Phillips's work, several groups began working to create GCMs.<ref name="Lynch Ch10">{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=Peter |title=The Emergence of Numerical Weather Prediction |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-85729-1 |pages=206–208 |chapter=The ENIAC Integrations |author-link1=Peter Lynch (meteorologist)}}</ref> The first to combine both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]].<ref name="noaa200" /> By the early 1980s, the United States' [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] had developed the Community Atmosphere Model; this model has been continuously refined.<ref>{{cite web |last=Collins |first=William D. |display-authors=etal |date=June 2004 |title=Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 3.0) |url=http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/atm-cam/docs/description/description.pdf |publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]]}}</ref> In 1996, efforts began to model soil and vegetation types.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Xue, Yongkang |author2=Michael J. Fennessey |name-list-style=amp |date=20 March 1996 |title=Impact of vegetation properties on U.S. summer weather prediction |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]] |volume=101 |issue=D3 |page=7419 |bibcode=1996JGR...101.7419X |citeseerx=10.1.1.453.551 |doi=10.1029/95JD02169}}</ref> Later the [[Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research]]'s [[HadCM3]] model coupled ocean-atmosphere elements.<ref name="Lynch Ch10" /> The role of [[gravity wave]]s was added in the mid-1980s. Gravity waves are required to simulate regional and global scale circulations accurately.<ref>{{cite book |author1=McGuffie, K. |title=A climate modelling primer |author2=A. Henderson-Sellers |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-470-85751-9 |page=188 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>