Editing Ghana (section)

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Ghana}}
{{Further|Ghanaian people}}
{{bar box
|title=Ethnic Groups in Ghana
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Ethnic Groups
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Akan|darkgreen|47.3}}
{{bar percent|Mole-Dagbani|purple|18.5}}
{{bar percent|Ewe|red|13.9}}
{{bar percent|Ga-Dangme|black|7.4}}
{{bar percent|Gurma|orange|5.7}}
{{bar percent|Guan|darkblue|3.7}}{{bar percent|Grusi|white|2.5}}
{{bar percent|Mande|maroon|1.1}}
{{bar percent|Other|darkgray|1.4}}
}}
{{As of|2024}}, the United Nations reports Ghana has a population of 34,581,288.<ref name="GH">{{Cite web |title=Ghana Population (2024) - Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=www.worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, around 29% of the population is under the age of 15, while persons aged 15–64 make up 57.8% of the population.<ref name="databank.worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=Health Nutrition and Population Statistics – DataBank |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=health-nutrition-and-population-statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225150240/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=health-nutrition-and-population-statistics |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=13 June 2018 |website=databank.worldbank.org}}</ref> The 2010 census reported that the largest ethnic groups are the Akan (47.3%), the Mole-Dagbani (18.5%), the Ewe (13.9%), the Ga-Dangme (7.4%), the Gurma (5.7%) and the Guan (3.7%).<ref name="statsghana.gov.gh">{{cite web |date=May 2013 |title=2010 Population & Housing Census: National Analytical Report |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712212518/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=23 January 2014 |publisher=Ghana Statistical Service}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the United Nations reports the median age of Ghanaian citizens is 21 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Median age of population |url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/67/locations/288/start/1990/end/2024/table/pivotbylocation?df=b41781d3-8dca-46c2-9b2c-31721453af2a |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=United Nations Data Portal Population Division}}</ref> Ghana contributes 0.42% to the total world population.<ref name="GH" />

With [[Immigration to Ghana|recent legal immigration]] of [[skilled worker]]s who possess [[Ghana Card]]s, there is a small population of Chinese, Malaysian, Indian, Middle Eastern and European nationals. In 2010, the [[Ghana Immigration Service]] reported many [[economic migrant]]s and [[Illegal immigration to Ghana|Illegal immigrants inhabiting Ghana]]: 14.6% (or 3.1&nbsp;million) of Ghana's 2010 population (predominantly Nigerians, Burkinabe citizens, Togolese citizens, and Malian citizens). In 1969, under the "Ghana Aliens Compliance Order" enacted by then Prime Minister [[Kofi Abrefa Busia]],<ref name="Ghana Owes no Apology to Anybody for Aliens Compliance Order">{{cite web |url=http://vibeghana.com/2013/04/14/ghana-owes-no-apology-to-anybody-for-aliens-compliance-order/ |title=Ghana Owes no Apology to Anybody for Aliens Compliance Order |publisher=vibeghana.com |date=14 April 2013 |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927075540/http://vibeghana.com/2013/04/14/ghana-owes-no-apology-to-anybody-for-aliens-compliance-order/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Border Guard Unit]] deported more than 3,000,000 aliens and illegal immigrants in three months as they made up 20% of the population at the time.<ref name="Ghana Owes no Apology to Anybody for Aliens Compliance Order" /><ref name="The History of Ghana's 1969 Aliens Compliance Order">{{cite web |url=http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3349 |title=The History of Ghana's 1969 Aliens Compliance Order |work=davidson.edu |date=29 March 2012 |access-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917165858/http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3349 |archive-date=17 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daly |first=Samuel Fury Childs |date=2022-07-30 |title=Ghana Must Go: Nativism and the Politics of Expulsion in West Africa, 1969–1985 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac006 |journal=Past & Present |issue=259 |pages=229–261 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtac006 |issn=0031-2746 |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064513/https://academic.oup.com/past/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/pastj/gtac006/6652271?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2013, there was a mass deportation of illegal miners, more than 4,000 of whom were Chinese nationals.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-16-ghana-cracks-down-on-illegal-chinese-miners |title=Ghana deports thousands of illegal Chinese miners |work=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231106/http://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-16-ghana-cracks-down-on-illegal-chinese-miners |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/15/ghana-deports-chinese-goldminers |title=Ghana deports thousands in crackdown on illegal Chinese goldminers |work=The Guardian |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214119/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/15/ghana-deports-chinese-goldminers |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Largest cities
|country   = Ghana 
|div_name  = Region
|stat_ref  = 2021 Ghana census 
|img_1     =  
|city_1    = Accra
|div_1     = Greater Accra
|pop_1     = 1,964,264

|img_2     = 
|city_2    = Kumasi 
|div_2     = Ashanti Region 
|pop_2     = 1,468,609

|city_3    = Tamale, Ghana{{!}}Tamale
|div_3     = Northern Region (Ghana){{!}}Northern Region
|pop_3     = 360,579

|city_4    = Takoradi 
|div_4     = Western Region (Ghana){{!}}Western Region
|pop_4     = 232,919

|city_5    = Sunyani 
|div_5     = Bono Region
|pop_5     = 202,932

|city_6    = Teshie
|div_6     = Greater Accra
|pop_6     = 176,597

|city_7    = Cape Coast
|div_7     = Central Region (Ghana){{!}}Central Region
|pop_7     = 143,015

|city_8    = Sekondi-Takoradi 
|div_8     = Central Region (Ghana){{!}}Central Region
|pop_8     = 138,872

|city_9    = Obuasi
|div_9     = Ashanti Region
|pop_9     = 137,856

|city_10   = Koforidua
|div_10    = Eastern Region (Ghana){{!}}Eastern Region
|pop_10    = 130,810
}}

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Ghana}}
[[File:Predominant tribe in the area - (Ghana) LOC 88692692.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of Ghana's ethno-linguistic areas.]]
English is the [[official language]] of Ghana.<ref name="USA">{{cite web |title=The Bureau of Ghana Languages-BGL |url=http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |publisher=Ghana Embassy Washington DC, USA |year=2013 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022204947/http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A handbook of varieties of English. 1. Phonology, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC&pg=PA847 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |author=Bernd Kortmann Walter de Gruyter |year=2004 |access-date=11 November 2013 |isbn=978-3-11-017532-5}}</ref> Additionally, there are eleven languages that have the status of government-sponsored languages:
*[[Akan languages]] ([[Asante dialect|Asante Twi]], [[Akuapem Twi]], [[Fante dialect|Fante]], [[Bono language|Bono]] which have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, and [[Nzema language|Nzema]], which is less intelligible with the above)
*[[Dangme language|Dangme]]
*[[Ewe language|Ewe]]
*[[Ga language|Ga]]
*[[Gua language|Guan]]
*[[Kasena language|Kasem]]
*[[Mole–Dagbani languages]] ([[Dagaare]] and [[Dagbani language|Dagbanli]])<ref name="NCA">{{cite web |title=The Bureau of Ghana Languages-BGL |url=http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=331&page=2&sectionid=602 |publisher=National Commission on Culture |year=2006 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112001558/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=331&page=2&sectionid=602 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Study of Ghanaian Languages |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/K-12/Study_16156.html |publisher=africa.upenn.edu |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112001739/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/K-12/Study_16156.html |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Of these, Asante Twi is the most widely spoken.<ref name="Introduction To The Verbal and Multi-Verbalsystem of Akan">{{cite web |title=Introduction to the Verbal and Multi-Verbalsystem of Akan |url=http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/tross/osam.pdf |work=ling.hf.ntnu.no |year=2013 |access-date=16 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085659/http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/tross/osam.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>

Because Ghana is surrounded by [[List of countries and territories where French is an official language|French-speaking countries]], French is widely taught in schools and used for commercial and international economic exchanges. Since 2005, Ghana has been an associate member of the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]}},<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jeux.francophonie.org/etats-invites/ghana |title=Ghana – Jeux de la francophonie |website=www.jeux.francophonie.org |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131331/https://www.jeux.francophonie.org/etats-invites/ghana |archive-date=11 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> the global organisation that unites French-speaking countries (84 nations on six continents). In 2005, more than 350,000 Ghanaian children studied French in schools. Since then, its status has been progressively updated to a mandatory language in every junior high school,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lalettrediplomatique.fr/contribution_detail.php?id=20&idrub=67&idrubprod=262 |title=La Lettre Diplomatique – La revue des Relations internationales et diplomatiques depuis 1988 – La Francophonie et le Ghana |website=www.lalettrediplomatique.fr |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211072205/http://www.lalettrediplomatique.fr/contribution_detail.php?id=20&idrub=67&idrubprod=262 |archive-date=11 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and it is in the process of becoming an official language.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/africa/1588566/ghanas-president-wants-french-as-a-second-language/ |title=Ghana's president wants to make French a formal language, but it's not a popular plan |work=QZ.com |date=7 April 2019 |last=Asiedu |first=Kwasi Gyamfi |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508135708/https://qz.com/africa/1588566/ghanas-president-wants-french-as-a-second-language/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/strategy/ghana-adopts-french-as-its-second-official-language/eg77s29 |title=Ghana adopts French as its second official language |website=pulse.com |date=21 March 2019 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802174130/https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/strategy/ghana-adopts-french-as-its-second-official-language/eg77s29 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Ghanaian Pidgin English]], also known as Kru English (or in Akan, ''kroo brofo''), is a variety of [[West African Pidgin English]] spoken in Accra and in the southern towns.<ref name="Huber 1999 p139">Magnus Huber, ''Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context'' (1999), page 139</ref> It can be divided into two varieties, referred to as "uneducated" or "non-institutionalized" pidgin and "educated" or "institutionalized" pidgin, the former associated with uneducated or illiterate people and the latter acquired and used in institutions such as universities.<ref name="Huber 1999 p138-153">Huber (1999), pp. 138–153</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Ghana}}
[[Christianity]] is the largest religion in Ghana, with 71.3% of the population being members of various [[Christian denomination]]s as of the 2021 census.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |title=2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics |website=Ghana Statistical Service |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227194122/https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam]] is practised by 20% of the total population. According to a 2012 report by [[Pew Research]], 51% of Muslims are followers of [[Sunni Islam]], while approximately 16% belong to the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement and around 8% identify with [[Shia]] Islam, while the remainder are [[non-denominational Muslim]]s.<ref name= "TheWorld'sMuslims:UnityandDiversity">{{cite report |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2012/08/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |date=August 9, 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]], Forum on Religious & Public life |pages=29–31 |access-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225091620/https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2012/08/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=rs>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Religion and Society".</ref> There is "no significant link between ethnicity and religion in Ghana".<ref name="stte.gov">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71304.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |publisher=USA state.gov |access-date=December 17, 2014 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213625/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71304.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ghana has around 150,000 Jehovah's Witnesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2023-Service-Year-Report-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Worldwide/2023-Country-and-Territory-Reports/|title=2023 Country and Territory Reports|publisher=[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>

=== Universal health care and life expectancy ===
{{main|l1 = NHIS|2 = Health in Ghana}}
{{further|Eye care in Ghana|Optometry in Ghana}}
[[File:Life_expectancy_in_Ghana.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy, 1921 to 2019]]
Ghana has a [[universal health care]] system, [[National Health Insurance Scheme (Ghana)|National Health Insurance Scheme]] (NHIS), which is strictly designated for [[Ghanaian people|Ghanaian nationals]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhis.gov.gh/ |title=National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) |publisher=nhis.gov.gh |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205524/http://nhis.gov.gh/ |archive-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Health care is variable throughout Ghana and in 2012, more than 12&nbsp;million Ghanaian nationals were covered by the NHIS.<ref name="Ghana: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)">{{cite web |title=Ghana: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) |url=http://jointlearningnetwork.org/content/national-health-insurance-scheme-nhis |publisher=jointlearningnetwork.org |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213346/http://jointlearningnetwork.org/content/national-health-insurance-scheme-nhis |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Urban centres are well served and contain most of the hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies. There are more than 200 hospitals, and Ghana is a destination for [[medical tourism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/10800/medical-tourism-emerging-market-ghana |title=Medical tourism is emerging market for Ghana |publisher=eturbonews.com |date=5 August 2009 |access-date=10 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224254/http://www.eturbonews.com/10800/medical-tourism-emerging-market-ghana |archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> In 2010, there were 0.1 physicians per 1,000 people and {{as of|2011|lc=y}}, 0.9 hospital beds per 1,000 people.<ref name="databank.worldbank.org"/> In 2010, 5.2% of Ghana's GDP was spent on health.<ref name="Field Listing: Health expenditures">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2225.html Field Listing :: Health expenditures] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326095442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2225.html |date=26 March 2014}}. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref> In 2020, the WHO announced Ghana became the second country in the WHO African Region to attain regulatory system "maturity level 3", the second-highest in the four-tiered WHO classification of [[National medicines regulatory systems]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=Ghana bolsters medicines regulatory system, guarantees product quality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/ghana-bolsters-medicines-regulatory-system-guarantees-product-quality.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520001950/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/ghana-bolsters-medicines-regulatory-system-guarantees-product-quality |archive-date=20 May 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref>

Life expectancy at birth in 2021 was 68.6 for a female and 63.7 for a male.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://data.who.int/countries/288 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=datadot |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, [[infant mortality]] was to 39 per 1,000 live births.<ref name="Listing: Infant mortality rate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2091.html |title=Field Listing – Infant mortality rate |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119041333/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2091.html |archive-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sources vary on life expectancy at birth; the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) estimated 62 years for men and 64 years for women born in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/countries/gha/en/ |title=Ghana Statistics |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2019 |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927001635/https://www.who.int/countries/gha/en/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The fertility rate declined from 3.99 (2000) to 3.28 (2010) with 2.78 in urban region and 3.94 in rural region.<ref name="statsghana.gov.gh" /> The United Nations reports a fertility decline from 6.95 (1970) to 4.82 (2000) to 3.93 live births per woman in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman), Ghana, 1960 – present |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=GH |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622190721/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN%3Flocations%3DGH |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 June 2019 |website=World Bank}}</ref>

{{As of|2012}}, the [[HIV/AIDS]] prevalence was estimated at 1.40% among adults aged 15–49.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html |title=Library publications |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221190412/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html |archive-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Ghana}}

[[File:Wikimedia Outreach in Ghana 6.jpeg|thumb|Education system's implementation of [[information and communications technology]] at the [[University of Ghana]]]]
The education system is divided into three parts: basic education, secondary cycle, and tertiary education. "Basic education" lasts 11 years (ages 4‒15).<ref name="GEScurr"/> It is divided into kindergarten (two years), primary school (two modules of three years) and junior high (three years). Junior high school ends with the [[Basic Education Certificate Examination]].<ref name="GEScurr">{{cite web |url=http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content/basic-education-curriculum-1 |title=Basic Education Curriculum |publisher=Ghana Education Service |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195225/http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content%2Fbasic-education-curriculum-1 |archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="GEScurr2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ges.gov.gh/?q=content/basic-education-curriculum |title=Basic curriculum Education: The junior High Education |publisher=Ghana Education Service |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605133413/http://ges.gov.gh/?q=content%2Fbasic-education-curriculum |archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> Once certified, the pupil can proceed to the secondary cycle.<ref name="BECE">{{cite web |url=http://www.ghanawaec.org/EXAMS/BECE.aspx |title=BECE |access-date=6 June 2014 |author=West African Examinations Council(corporate site: Ghana) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519130523/http://www.ghanawaec.org/EXAMS/BECE.aspx |archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> Hence, the pupil has the choice between general education (offered by the senior high school) and vocational education (offered by the technical senior high school or the technical and vocational institutes). Senior high school lasts 3 years and leads to the [[West African Senior School Certificate Examination]], which is a prerequisite for enrollment in a university bachelor's degree programme.<ref name="nab.gov.gh">{{cite web |url=http://www.nuffic.nl/international-organizations/docs/diploma-recognition/country-modules/country-module-ghana.pdf |title=Country module Ghana |access-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605171810/http://www.nuffic.nl/international-organizations/docs/diploma-recognition/country-modules/country-module-ghana.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>{{rp|7}} Polytechnics are open to vocational students.<ref name="UNEVOC">{{cite web |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=GHA |title=Vocational Education in Ghana |publisher=UNESCO-UNEVOC |date=July 2012 |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230631/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=GHA |archive-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A bachelor's degree requires four years of study. It can be followed by a one- or two-year master's degree programme, which can be followed by a PhD programme of at least three years.<ref name="nab.gov.gh"/>{{rp|9}} A polytechnic programme lasts two or three years.<ref name="UNEVOC"/> Ghana possesses colleges of education.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Descriptive Assessment of Higher Education Access, Participation, Equity, and Disparity in Ghana |publisher=SageOpen |date=23 July 2013 |author=Atuahene, Ansah |journal=SAGE Open |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=2 |doi=10.1177/2158244013497725 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some of the universities are the [[University of Ghana]], [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]], and [[University of Cape Coast]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-09-27 |title=Top 10 Best Universities in Ghana |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/top-10-best-universities-in-ghana/6pncyms |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=Pulse Gh |language=en-US |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029163953/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/top-10-best-universities-in-ghana/6pncyms |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are more than 95% of children in school.<ref name="UNICEF – Basic Education and Gender Equality">{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_GHA_MTSP2.pdf |title=UNICEF – Basic Education and Gender Equality |publisher=unicef.org |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803061043/http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_GHA_MTSP2.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/ |title=Africa |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=26 June 2010 |location=Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107054024/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-fragile-island-of-stabilityin-a-sea-of-turbulence/article1214628/ |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The female and male ages 15–24 years literacy rate was 81% in 2010, with males at 82%,<ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15–24) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS/countries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813172150/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS/countries |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> and females at 80%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15–24) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902192409/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> An education system annually attracts [[foreign student]]s particularly in the university sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/500636/1/plight-of-foreign-students-in-ghana.html |title=Plight of Foreign Students in Ghana |publisher=modernghana.com |date=2 November 2013 |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813101531/http://www.modernghana.com/news/500636/1/plight-of-foreign-students-in-ghana.html |archive-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Nyarota, Geoffrey; Against the Grain; pp. 101–102.</ref>

Ghana has a [[free education]] six-year primary school education system beginning at age 6.<ref name="Ghana Lauded for Free Primary School Program">{{cite web |date=16 February 2012 |title=Ghana Lauded for Free Primary School Program |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ghana-lauded-for-free-primary-school-program-139525918/159622.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211948/http://www.voanews.com/content/ghana-lauded-for-free-primary-school-program-139525918/159622.html |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref> The government largely funds basic education comprising public primary schools and public junior high schools. Senior high schools were subsidised by the government until September 2017/2018 academic year that senior high education became free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/news/3870-free-shs-begins-in-september |title=Free SHS Begins in September – Government of Ghana |website=www.ghana.gov.gh |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216210954/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/news/3870-free-shs-begins-in-september |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the higher education level, the government funds more than 80% of resources provided to public universities, polytechnics and teacher training colleges. As part of the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education, Fcube, the government supplies all basic education schools with all their textbooks and other educational supplies, like exercise books. Senior high schools are provided with all their textbook requirements by the government. Private schools acquire their educational material from private suppliers.<ref name="KoinzerNikolai2017">{{cite book |first1=Thomas |last1=Koinzer |first2=Rita |last2=Nikolai |first3=Florian |last3=Waldow |title=Private Schools and School Choice in Compulsory Education: Global Change and National Challenge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seAqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-658-17104-9 |page=143 |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064508/https://books.google.com/books?id=seAqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |url-status=live}}</ref>