Editing Globalization (section)

===Public opinion===
{{Update|type=section|date=December 2019}}

As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national economies into a global, unregulated market economy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guttal|first=Shalmali|date=2007|title=Globalisation|journal=Development in Practice|volume=17|issue=4/5|pages=523–531|issn=0961-4524|jstor=25548249|doi=10.1080/09614520701469492|s2cid=218523141}}</ref> A 2005 study by Peer Fis and Paul Hirsch found a large increase in articles negative towards globalization in the years prior. In 1998, negative articles outpaced positive articles by two to one.<ref name="Fiss 2005">{{Cite journal|last1=Fiss|first1=Peer C.|last2=Hirsch|first2=Paul M.|s2cid=16331519|date=February 2005|title=The Discourse of Globalization: Framing and Sensemaking of an Emerging Concept|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=70|issue=1|pages=29–52|doi=10.1177/000312240507000103}}</ref> The number of newspaper articles showing negative framing rose from about 10% of the total in 1991 to 55% of the total in 1999. This increase occurred during a period when the total number of articles concerning globalization nearly doubled.<ref name="Fiss 2005"/>

A number of international polls have shown that residents of Africa and Asia tend to view globalization more favorably than residents of Europe or North America. In Africa, a Gallup poll found that 70% of the population views globalization favorably.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/btglobalizationtradera/273.php|title=Africans and Asians Tend to View Globalization Favorably; Europeans and Americans are More Skeptical|date=7 November 2006|website=WorldPublicOpinion.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212025444/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/btglobalizationtradera/273.php|archive-date=12 February 2012|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> The BBC found that 50% of people believed that economic globalization was proceeding too rapidly, while 35% believed it was proceeding too slowly.<ref name="bbc08">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/feb08/BBCEcon_Feb08_rpt.pdf|title=Widespread Unease about Economy and Globalization – Global poll|date=2008|website=BBC World Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903173226/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/feb08/BBCEcon_Feb08_rpt.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2014|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

In 2004, Philip Gordon stated that "a clear majority of Europeans believe that globalization can enrich their lives, while believing the European Union can help them take advantage of globalization's benefits while shielding them from its negative effects". The main opposition consisted of socialists, environmental groups, and nationalists. Residents of the EU did not appear to feel threatened by globalization in 2004. The EU job market was more stable and workers were less likely to accept wage/benefit cuts. Social spending was much higher than in the US.<ref>Gordon, Philip. 2004. [http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/globalization-europes-wary-embrace "Globalization: Europe's Wary Embrace"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629191739/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/globalization-europes-wary-embrace|date=29 June 2011}}. Yale Global, 1 November 2004.</ref> In a Danish poll in 2007, 76% responded that globalization is a good thing.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1684528,00.html|title=Why Denmark Loves Globalization|last=Fox|first=Justin|date=15 November 2007|magazine=Time|access-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023072043/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1684528,00.html|archive-date=23 October 2019}}</ref>

Fiss, ''et al.'', surveyed US opinion in 1993. Their survey showed that, in 1993, more than 40% of respondents were unfamiliar with the concept of globalization. When the survey was repeated in 1998, 89% of the respondents had a polarized view of globalization as being either good or bad. At the same time, discourse on globalization, which began in the financial community before shifting to a heated debate between proponents and disenchanted students and workers. Polarization increased dramatically after the establishment of the WTO in 1995; this event and subsequent protests led to a large-scale anti-globalization movement.<ref name="Fiss 2005"/>
Initially, college educated workers were likely to support globalization. Less educated workers, who were more likely to compete with immigrants and workers in developing countries, tended to be opponents. The situation changed after the [[Great Recession]]. According to a 1997 poll 58% of college graduates said globalization had been good for the US. By 2008 only 33% thought it was good. Respondents with high school education also became more opposed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121623686919059307|title=The Declining Value Of Your College Degree|last=Ip|first=Greg|date=18 July 2008|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=29 November 2019|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229022054/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121623686919059307|archive-date=29 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Takenaka Heizo and Chida Ryokichi, {{as of|1998|lc=y}} there was a perception in Japan that the economy was "Small and Frail". However, Japan was resource-poor and used exports to pay for its raw materials. Anxiety over their position caused terms such as ''[[internationalization]]'' and ''globalization'' to enter everyday language. However, Japanese tradition was to be as self-sufficient as possible, particularly in agriculture.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.jcie.org/researchpdfs/DomAdjst/takenaka-chida.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406132050/http://www.jcie.org/researchpdfs/DomAdjst/takenaka-chida.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-06 |url-status=live|title=Domestic Adjustments to Globalization|last1=Heizo|first1=Takenaka|last2=Ryokichi|first2=Chida|publisher=Japan Center for International Exchange|year=1998|isbn=4-88907-012-5|editor-last=Morrison|editor-first=Charles E.|location=Tokyo|pages=76–102|chapter=Japan|oclc=40657196|editor-last2=Soesastro|editor-first2=Hadi}}</ref>

Many in developing countries see globalization as a positive force that lifts them out of poverty.<ref name="bhagwati"/> Those opposing globalization typically combine environmental concerns with nationalism. Opponents consider governments as agents of [[neo-colonialism]] that are subservient to [[multinational corporations]].<ref name="visuality.org">{{cite journal |last=Shoa |first=S. Rajgopal |year=2002 |title=Reclaiming Democracy, the Anti-globalization Movement in South Asia |journal=Feminist Review |number=70 |pages=134–137 |jstor=1395975}}</ref> Much of this criticism comes from the middle class; the [[Brookings Institution]] suggested this was because the middle class perceived upwardly mobile low-income groups as threatening to their economic security.<ref>{{cite web |first=Carol |last=Graham |title=Winners and Losers: Perspectives on Globalization from the Emerging Market Economies |publisher=Brookings |date=1 January 2011 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2001/fall_globaleconomics_graham.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180832/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2001/fall_globaleconomics_graham.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2011  }}</ref>