Editing Glorious First of June (section)

===Britain===
[[Image:Glorious First of June.jpg|thumb|1802 engraving commemorating the Glorious First of June.]]

In Britain, the fleet in [[Spithead]] was treated with a Royal visit by King [[George III]] and the entire royal household.{{sfn|Tracy |1998|p=99}} Numerous honours were bestowed on the fleet and its commanders. Admiral Howe, already an earl, refused any further elevation, and one of Howe's political opponents dissuaded King George III from making him a [[Knight of the Garter]].{{sfn|James |2002|p=179}} Vice-Admiral Graves was elevated to the [[Peerage of Ireland]] as [[Baron Graves]], while Vice-Admiral Hood was made [[Viscount Bridport]].{{efn|The title [[Viscount Hood]] was already in use as the title of his cousin, Admiral [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood]].}} Rear-Admirals [[Sir George Bowyer, 5th Baronet|Bowyer]], Gardner, Pasley and Curtis (the last-named was promoted from captain on 4 July 1794) were all made [[baronets]], and Bowyer and Pasley also received pensions of £1,000 a year to compensate them for their severe wounds.{{sfn|James |2002|p=179}} All first lieutenants were promoted to [[commander]] and numerous other officers were promoted in consequence of their actions. The thanks of [[Parliament of Great Britain|parliament]] were unanimously passed to all who fought at the action and various other gifts and awards were distributed among the fleet.{{sfn|Gardiner|2001a|p=39}} A memorial to Captains John Hutt and John Harvey, both of whom had died of their wounds on 30 June, was raised in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="ODNBJHarvey"/>

[[Image:London-Woolwich, Royal Arsenal, Shell Foundry Gate, cannon 01.jpg|thumb|left|French cannon, captured by Lord Howe, now on display at [[Royal Arsenal]], [[Woolwich]]]]

There was, however, a bitter consequence of the awards, rooted in Howe's official dispatch to the Admiralty concerning the battle, which according to some accounts was actually written by Curtis.{{sfn|Rodger |2004|p=430}} Howe had appended a list to his report containing the names of officers whom he believed merited special reward for their part in the battle. The list included Vice-Admirals Graves and Hood, Rear-Admirals Bowyer, Gardner, and Pasley, and Captains Seymour, Pakenham, Cranfield Berkeley, Gambier, John Harvey, Payne, Henry Harvey, Pringle, Duckworth, Elphinstone, Nichols, and Hope. Also mentioned were Lieutenants Monkton and Donnelly.{{sfn|James |2002|p=181}} The list had omitted a number of officers who had served in the battle, and the justice of their omission was a highly controversial issue in the Navy.{{sfn|Tracy |1998|p=90}}> Rear-Admiral Caldwell was the sole British flag officer present not to receive a hereditary honour, although he was promoted to Vice-Admiral on 4 July (as were Bowyer and Gardner). After studying the ship's logs and reports of the battle, the Admiralty minted a medal to be awarded to the living captains on the list only (although Captain [[Sir William Parker, 1st Baronet, of Harburn|William Parker]] of HMS ''Audacious'' was awarded one as well).{{sfn|Rodger |2004|p=430}} The captains excluded from the list were furious, and the furore from this selective commendation lasted years: in 1795 Vice-Admiral Caldwell quit the service in anger as a result,<ref name="ODNBCald">[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4383 Caldwell, Sir Benjamin], ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', J. K. Laughton, retrieved 8 December 2007</ref> while [[Cuthbert Collingwood]], flag captain of ''Barfleur'', refused all awards for future service until the Glorious First of June medal was presented to him as well. He eventually received it after the [[Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)|Battle of Cape St Vincent]] in 1797.<ref name="ODNBColl">[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5930?docPos=1 Collingwood, Cuthbert], ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', C. H. H. Owen, retrieved 31 December 2007</ref> Over five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the [[Naval General Service Medal (1847)|Naval General Service Medal]], awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847.<ref name="LG4">{{London Gazette|issue=20939|pages=236–245|date=26 January 1849}}</ref>

Bitterest of all was the [[whispering campaign]] directed at Anthony Molloy, captain of HMS ''Caesar''. Molloy was accused of cowardice by fellow officers for his failure to follow Howe's orders on both 29 May and 1 June. Molloy's request for an official court-martial to clear his name failed, and although his personal courage was not called into question, his professional ability was.{{sfn|Gardiner|2001a|p=39}} Molloy was dismissed from his ship.<ref>Brenton, ''The Naval History of Great Britain'', p. 227</ref>

Of the captured ships, several were purchased and enjoyed long careers in the Royal Navy, in particular the two 80-gun ships [[HMS Sans Pareil (1794)|HMS ''Sans Pareil'']], which was decommissioned in 1802 but not broken up until 1842, and [[French ship Deux Frères|HMS ''Juste'']], which was a popular command until her decommissioning in 1802 at the [[Peace of Amiens]]. Of the four 74-gun prizes, ''Achille'' and ''Northumberland'' (both 74s built in the late 1770s) were broken up as unserviceable soon after arrival in Britain, while ''Impétueux'' was destroyed in a dockyard fire on 24 August 1794 while undergoing repairs. ''America'', the final prize, was taken into the Royal Navy as HMS ''America'' but renamed [[French ship America (1788)|HMS ''Impetueux'']] in July 1795 and remained in service until 1813.{{sfn|Gardiner|2001a|pp=40–41}} The combined [[prize money]] for these ships was £201,096 (the equivalent of £{{Formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|201096|1794|r=-6}}|0}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y|group=lower-alpha}} divided among the ships under Lord Howe's command.<ref name="TW64">Wareham, p. 64</ref>