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Graphics processing unit
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===Dedicated graphics processing unit=== {{see also|Video card}} ''Dedicated graphics processing units'' uses [[random-access memory|RAM]] that is dedicated to the GPU rather than relying on the computerβs main system memory. This RAM is usually specially selected for the expected serial workload of the graphics card (see [[GDDR SDRAM|GDDR]]). Sometimes systems with dedicated ''discrete'' GPUs were called "DIS" systems as opposed to "UMA" systems (see next section).<ref name=NO_1>{{cite web| title=Nvidia Optimus documentation for Linux device driver| url=https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/Optimus.html| publisher=freedesktop| date=13 November 2023| access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref> Dedicated GPUs are not necessarily removable, nor does it necessarily interface with the motherboard in a standard fashion. The term "dedicated" refers to the fact that [[graphics card]]s have RAM that is dedicated to the card's use, not to the fact that ''most'' dedicated GPUs are removable. Dedicated GPUs for portable computers are most commonly interfaced through a non-standard and often proprietary slot due to size and weight constraints. Such ports may still be considered PCIe or AGP in terms of their logical host interface, even if they are not physically interchangeable with their counterparts. Graphics cards with dedicated GPUs typically interface with the [[motherboard]] by means of an [[expansion slot]] such as [[PCI Express]] (PCIe) or [[Accelerated Graphics Port]] (AGP). They can usually be replaced or upgraded with relative ease, assuming the motherboard is capable of supporting the upgrade. A few graphics cards still use [[Peripheral Component Interconnect]] (PCI) slots, but their bandwidth is so limited that they are generally used only when a PCIe or AGP slot is not available. Technologies such as [[Scan-Line Interleave]] by 3dfx, [[Scalable Link Interface|SLI]] and [[NVLink]] by Nvidia and [[ATI CrossFire|CrossFire]] by AMD allow multiple GPUs to draw images simultaneously for a single screen, increasing the processing power available for graphics. These technologies, however, are increasingly uncommon; most games do not fully use multiple GPUs, as most users cannot afford them.<ref name=CSL_1>{{cite web| title=Crossfire and SLI market is just 300.000 units| author=Abazovic, F.| url=https://www.fudzilla.com/news/graphics/38134-crossfire-and-sli-market-is-just-300-000-units| publisher=fudzilla| date=3 July 2015| access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thetechaltar.com/is-multi-gpu-dead/ |title = Is Multi-GPU Dead?|date = 7 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.techradar.com/news/nvidia-sli-and-amd-crossfire-is-dead-but-should-we-mourn-multi-gpu-gaming | title=Nvidia SLI and AMD CrossFire is dead β but should we mourn multi-GPU gaming? | TechRadar| date=24 August 2019}}</ref> Multiple GPUs are still used on supercomputers (like in [[Summit (supercomputer)|Summit]]), on workstations to accelerate video (processing multiple videos at once)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://devblogs.nvidia.com/nvidia-ffmpeg-transcoding-guide/ | title=NVIDIA FFmpeg Transcoding Guide| date=24 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://documents.blackmagicdesign.com/ConfigGuides/DaVinci_Resolve_15_Mac_Configuration_Guide.pdf |title=Hardware Selection and Configuration Guide DaVinci Resolve 15 |publisher=BlackMagic Design |date=2018 |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pugetsystems.com/recommended/Recommended-Systems-for-DaVinci-Resolve-187/Hardware-Recommendations|title=Recommended System: Recommended Systems for DaVinci Resolve|website=Puget Systems}} * {{Cite web | url=https://helpx.adobe.com/x-productkb/multi/gpu-acceleration-and-hardware-encoding.html |title = GPU Accelerated Rendering and Hardware Encoding}}</ref> and 3D rendering,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2019 |title=V-Ray Next Multi-GPU Performance Scaling |url=https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/V-Ray-Next-Multi-GPU-Performance-Scaling-1559/}} * {{Cite web |title=FAQ | GPU-accelerated 3D rendering software | Redshift |url=https://www.redshift3d.com/support/faq}} * {{Cite news |title=OctaneRender 2020β’ Preview is here! |newspaper=Otoy |url=https://home.otoy.com/render/octane-render/faqs/}} * {{Cite web |date=8 April 2019 |title=Exploring Performance with Autodesk's Arnold Renderer GPU Beta |url=https://techgage.com/article/autodesk-arnold-render-gpu-beta-performance/}} * {{Cite web |title=GPU Rendering β Blender Manual |url=https://docs.blender.org/manual/en/latest/render/cycles/gpu_rendering.html}}</ref> for [[VFX]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.chaosgroup.com/vray/nuke | title=V-Ray for Nuke β Ray Traced Rendering for Compositors | Chaos Group}} * {{Cite web | url=https://www.foundry.com/products/nuke/requirements |title = System Requirements | Nuke | Foundry}}</ref> [[GPGPU]] workloads and for simulations,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://foldingathome.org/faqs/gpu2-common/frequently-asked-questions-common-ati-nvidia-gpu2-clients-2/multi-gpu-support/ |title = What about multi-GPU support? β Folding@home}}</ref> and in AI to expedite training, as is the case with Nvidia's lineup of DGX workstations and servers, Tesla GPUs, and Intel's Ponte Vecchio GPUs.
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