Editing Insular cortex (section)

=== Auditory perception ===
Research indicates that the insular cortex is involved in [[Hearing|auditory perception]]. Responses to sound stimuli were obtained using [[Stereoelectroencephalography|intracranial EEG]] recordings acquired from patients with epilepsy. The posterior part of the insula showed auditory responses that resemble those observed in [[Heschl's gyrus]], whereas the anterior part responded to the emotional contents of the auditory stimuli.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Yang|last2=Zhou|first2=Wenjing|last3=Wang|first3=Siyu|last4=Zhou|first4=Qin|last5=Wang|first5=Haixiang|last6=Zhang|first6=Bingqing|last7=Huang|first7=Juan|last8=Hong|first8=Bo|last9=Wang|first9=Xiaoqin|date=2019-02-01|title=The Roles of Subdivisions of Human Insula in Emotion Perception and Auditory Processing|url=https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/29/2/517/4802217|journal=Cerebral Cortex|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=517–528|doi=10.1093/cercor/bhx334|pmid=29342237|s2cid=36927038|issn=1047-3211|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Clinical data additionally shows that bilateral damage to the insula after ischemic injury or trauma can lead to auditory agnosia.<ref>{{Citation |last=Nieuwenhuys |first=Rudolf |title=Chapter 7 - The insular cortex: A review |date=2012-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538604000076 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=195 |pages=123–163 |editor-last=Hofman |editor-first=Michel A. |access-date=2023-12-11 |series=Evolution of the Primate Brain |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-53860-4.00007-6 |pmid=22230626 |isbn=978-0-444-53860-4 |editor2-last=Falk |editor2-first=Dean|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Functional magnetic resonance studies have also demonstrated that the insular cortex participates in many key auditory processes such as tuning into novel auditory stimuli and allocating auditory attention.<ref >{{Cite journal |last1=Bamiou |first1=Doris-Eva |last2=Musiek |first2=Frank E |last3=Luxon |first3=Linda M |date=2003-05-01 |title=The insula (Island of Reil) and its role in auditory processing: Literature review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017303001723 |journal=Brain Research Reviews |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=143–154 |doi=10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00172-3 |pmid=12738055 |s2cid=22339177 |issn=0165-0173|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Direct recordings from the posterior part of the insula showed responses to unexpected sounds within regular auditory streams, a process known as [[Mismatch negativity|auditory deviance detection]]. Researchers observed a [[mismatch negativity]] (MMN) potential, a well known [[Event-related potential|event related potential]], as well as the high frequency activity signals originating from local neurons.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blenkmann|first1=Alejandro O.|last2=Collavini|first2=Santiago|last3=Lubell|first3=James|last4=Llorens|first4=Anaïs|last5=Funderud|first5=Ingrid|last6=Ivanovic|first6=Jugoslav|last7=Larsson|first7=Pål G.|last8=Meling|first8=Torstein R.|last9=Bekinschtein|first9=Tristan|last10=Kochen|first10=Silvia|last11=Endestad|first11=Tor|date=December 2019|title=Auditory deviance detection in the human insula: An intracranial EEG study|journal=Cortex|language=en|volume=121|pages=189–200|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.002|pmid=31629197|s2cid=202749677|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487306v1|hdl=10852/75077|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Simple auditory illusions and hallucinations were elicited by electrical functional mapping.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Afif|first1=Afif|last2=Minotti|first2=Lorella|last3=Kahane|first3=Philippe|last4=Hoffmann|first4=Dominique|date=November 2010|title=Anatomofunctional organization of the insular cortex: A study using intracerebral electrical stimulation in epileptic patients: Functional Organization of the Insula|journal=Epilepsia|language=en|volume=51|issue=11|pages=2305–2315|doi=10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02755.x|pmid=20946128|s2cid=2506125|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0" />