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Iowa-class battleship
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=== Armament === {{multiple image | align=left | direction= vertical | width = 180 | footer = | image1 = USSNewJersey tomohawk.jpg | alt1 = A large gray box mounted on a platform, tipped at a roughly 45-degree angle facing the camera. A missile is sticking out from the front of the canister. | caption1=Armored Box Launcher unit for Tomahawk | image2 = Harpoon Missile Tubes and Phalanx on the Battleship New Jersey.jpg | alt2 = A quartet of grey colored cylindrical canisters positioned roughly in the center of the image, with the canisters pointed at angle with the base to the lower left. Another quartet is positioned on the left of the image. A white cylinder with a dome can be seen on the upper right of the image. | caption2= Two Harpoon Missile Launchers and a Phalanx CIWS | image3 = Launched_FIM-92A_Stinger_missile.jpg | alt3 = A large pipe-like weapon with a box on its lower right hand side and upper right hand side, shouldered by a U.S. Marine. The separated ejection motor and launched missile are visible to the right. | caption3 = [[FIM-92 Stinger]] [[Man-portable air-defense systems|MANPADS]]. }} During their modernization in the 1980s, each ''Iowa'' was equipped with four of the US Navy's [[Phalanx CIWS]] mounts, two of which sat just behind the bridge and two which were next to the ship's aft funnel. ''Iowa'', ''New Jersey'', and ''Missouri'' were equipped with the Block 0 version of the Phalanx, while ''Wisconsin'' received the first operational Block 1 version in 1988.<ref name="NavWeaps 20mm CIWS">{{Harvard citation no brackets|NavWeaps.com|loc= [http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_Phalanx.php 20 mm Phalanx Close-in Weapon System (CIWS)]}}</ref> The Phalanx system is intended to serve as a last line of defense against enemy missiles and aircraft, and when activated can engage a target with a 20 mm [[M61 Vulcan]] [[Gatling gun#M61 Vulcan, Minigun, and other designs|6-barreled Gatling cannon]]<ref name="1987 almanac">Thomas, Vincent C. (1987). ''The Almanac of Seapower'', p. 191. Navy League of the United States. {{ISBN|0961072482}}.</ref> at a distance of approximately {{convert|4000|yd|km nmi|abbr=out}}.<ref name="NavWeaps 20mm CIWS" /> As part of their modernization in the 1980s, each of the ''Iowa''s received a complement of eight quad-cell [[Armored Box Launcher]]s and four "shock hardened" [[List of United States Navy Guided Missile Launching Systems|Mk 141 quad-cell launchers]]. The former was used by the battleships to carry and fire the [[Tomahawk (missile family)|BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles]] (TLAMs) for use against enemy targets on land, while the latter system enabled the ships to carry a complement of [[Harpoon (missile)|RGM-84 Harpoon]] anti-ship missiles for use against enemy ships. With an estimated range of {{convert|675|to|1500|nmi|lk=on}}{{sfn|Sumrall|1988|p=87}} for the Tomahawks and {{convert|64.5|to|85.5|nmi}}{{sfn|Sumrall|1988|p=87}} for the Harpoons, these two missile systems displaced the 16-inch guns and their maximum range of {{convert|42345|yd|km nmi|1}}<ref name="NavWeaps 16/50" /> to become the longest-ranged weapons on the battleships during the 1980s; the ships' complement of 32 Tomahawk missiles was the largest until the [[Mark 41 Vertical Launching System|Mk 41 VLS]]-equipped {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|0}} cruisers entered service. It has been alleged by members of the environmental group [[Greenpeace]]{{sfnm|1a1=Norris|1a2=Arkin|1y=1989|1p=48|2a1=Pugh|2y=1989|2p=194|3a1=Walsh|3a2=Arkin|3y=1991|3pp=8β9}} that the battleships carried the TLAM-A (also cited, incorrectly, as the TLAM-N) β a Tomahawk missile with a [[variable yield]] [[W80 (nuclear warhead)|W80 nuclear warhead]] β during their 1980s service with the United States Navy, but owing to the United States Navy's policy of refusing to confirm or deny the presence of nuclear weaponry aboard its ships, these claims can not be conclusively proved.{{sfn|Yenne|2005|pp=132β33}}<ref group=N name=Nuclear/> Between 2010 and 2013, the US withdrew the BGM-109A, leaving only conventional munitions packages for its Tomahawk missile inventory, though the Iowas had been withdrawn from service at that point.<ref name="FASNT">{{cite web |last= Kristensen |first= Hans M. |url= https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile |date= 18 March 2013 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date= 21 November 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001733/https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |archive-date=9 July 2014 }}</ref> Owing to the original 1938 design of the battleships, the Tomahawk missiles could not be fitted to the ''Iowa'' class unless the battleships were rebuilt in such a way as to accommodate the missile mounts that would be needed to store and launch the Tomahawks. This realization prompted the removal of the anti-aircraft guns previously installed on the ''Iowa''s and the removal of four of each of the battleships' ten 5-inch/38 DP mounts. The mid and aft end of the battleships were then rebuilt to accommodate the missile launchers. At one point, the NATO [[RIM-7 Sea Sparrow|Sea Sparrow]] was to be installed on the reactivated battleships; however, it was determined that the system could not withstand the overpressure effects of firing the main battery.<ref name="GOA1">{{cite web |last= Horan |first= Donald J. |url= http://archive.gao.gov/f0102/115403.pdf |title= Update of the Issues Concerning the Proposed Reactivation of the Iowa class battleships and the Aircraft Carrier Oriskany |date= 20 April 1981 |access-date =16 December 2010 |publisher =United States General Accounting Office |pages=3β18 }}</ref> To supplement the anti-aircraft capabilities of the ''Iowa''s, five [[FIM-92 Stinger]] [[surface-to-air missile]] firing positions were installed. These secured the shoulder-launched weapons and their rounds for ready use by the crew.{{sfn|Sumrall|1988|p=87}}
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